Fracture evolution characteristics of sandstone containing double fissures and a single circular hole under uniaxial compression

The uniaxial compression experiments on the sandstone samples containing double fissures and a single circular hole were carried out by using electro-hydraulic servo universal testing machine to investigate the effect of rock bridge angle β and fissure angle α on mechanical properties and evolution characteristics of cracks.The results show that the peak strength,peak strain and elastic modulus of defected specimens decrease comparing with those for intact sample,and show a decreased trend firstly and then increase with β changing from 0° to 90°.The peak strength and elastic modulus achieve the minimum value as the rock bridge angle is 60°,while the peak strain reaches the minimum value with the rock bridge angle of 45°.The crack initiation of tested rock samples occurs firstly in stress concentration areas at tips of prefabricated fissures under uniaxial compression,and then propagates constantly and coalescences with the prefabricated hole.Some secondary cracks initiate and propagate as well until buckling failure happens.The rock bridge angle has a great influence on crack initiation,coalescence,final failure mode,crack initiation stress and transfixion stress.The peak strength varies significantly,while the elastic modulus and peak strain change slightly,and the failure modes are also different due to the influence of fissure angle.     

巷道周边裂纹应力强度因子的实验研究

岩爆是深埋地下工程在施工过程中常见的破坏现象,严重影响地下工程的安全施工。岩体裂纹尖端的应力强度因子对岩爆的发生有重要影响。使用一种无损的、全领域的平面应力实验分析技术——光弹性实验技术,通过分析试件的主应力差和主应力方向,并使用数值方法,讨论了当隧道围岩裂纹角度和荷载变化时,其尖端应力强度因子的变化情况。结果表明:1)在单轴压缩荷载作用下,裂纹尖端的应力强度因子随裂纹倾角的增加而增加,到达60°时开始下降,并且当倾角固定时,随荷载增加而增加;2)在围压作用下,倾角为45°时的裂纹为最不利裂纹,其应力强度因子最大。     

A numerical simulation study on mechanical behaviour of coal with bedding planes under coupled static and dynamic load

To investigate the bedding influence on coal mechanical behaviour in underground environments such as coal or rock burst, simulations of dynamic SHPB tests of pre-stressed coal specimens with different bedding angles were carried out using a particle flow code 2-dimensional(PFC2D). Three impact velocities of 4, 8 and 12 m/s were selected to study dynamic behaviours of coal containing bedding planes under different dynamic loads. The simulation results showed that the existence of bedding planes leads to the degradation of the mechanical properties and their weakening effect significantly depends on the angle h between the bedding planes and load direction. With h increaseing from 0° to 90°, the strength first decreased and subsequently increased and specimens became most vulnerable when h was 30° or 45°.Five failure modes were observed in the specimens in the context of macro-cracks. Furthermore, energy characteristics combined with ultimate failure patterns revealed that maximum accumulated energy and failure intensity have a positive relation with the strength of specimen. When bedding planes were parallel or perpendicular to loading direction, specimens absorbed more energy and experienced more violent failure with increased number of cracks. In contrast, bedding planes with h of 30° or 45° reduced the specimens' ability of storing strain energy to the lowest with fewer cracks observed after failure.     

An experimental investigation of the fracturing behaviour of rock-like materials containing two V-shaped parallelogram flaws

The distribution characteristics and evolution law of rock mass fissures induced by mining are a key scientific issue in the study of deep rock mechanics. In this study, a series of uniaxial compression experiments was conducted on rock-like specimens containing double V-shaped prefabricated fissures at dip angles of α = β = 45°, α = 45°<β = 60°, α = β = 60°, and α = 60°<β = 75° with a rock mechanics servo-controlled testing system. According to the experimental results, the effects of the dip angles of the double V-shaped prefabricated flaws with the same area on the mechanical parameters and fracturing process of the specimens were analysed in detail. Additionally, the crack initiation stress presented a nearly linear growth trend, which is generally similar to that of the crack peak stress with increasing flaw dip angle. By applying photographic monitoring to the crack initiation, propagation, coalescence, and failure modes in rock-like specimens, it was easily seen that the V-shaped flaw properties slightly influence the crack initiation positions but significantly influence the crack trajectories. The crack failure modes can be summarized into two distinct types. The study reported herein can provide a better understanding of the evolution of double V-shaped prefabricated fissures induced by coal mining.     

主应力方向对隧道稳定性影响规律的研究

采用模型实验方法和数值模拟方法探究了马蹄形隧道在不同方向主应力作用下围岩从初始损伤到完全破坏的全过程,归纳分析马蹄形隧道在不同方向主应力作用下的破坏规律。数值模拟方法采用最大拉应变准则,计算出隧道周边各点的相当应力,与模型实验结果吻合较好。结果表明,马蹄形隧道裂纹的产生和扩展大致沿主应力方向,马蹄形隧道围岩的破坏模式随主应力方向而改变。破坏应力的最大值出现在主应力与隧道成60°左右时,破坏应力的最小值则出现在主应力与隧道成45°左右和90°左右时,且45°左右方向的破坏应力与90°左右方向的破坏应力基本相同。     

Physical and mechanical properties of sandstone containing a single fissure after exposure to high temperatures

In order to investigate the physical and mechanical properties of sandstone containing fissures after exposure to high temperatures,fissures with different angles α were prefabricated in the plate sandstone samples,and the processed samples were then heated at 5 different temperatures.Indoor uniaxial compression was conducted to analyze the change rules of physical properties of sandstone after exposure to high temperature,and the deformation,strength and failure characteristics of sandstone containing fissures.The results show that,with increasing temperature,the volume of sandstone increases gradually while the quality and density decrease gradually,and the color of sandstone remains basically unchanged while the brightness increases markedly when the temperature is higher than 585 ℃;the peak strength of sandstone containing fissures first decreases then increases when the temperature is between 25℃and 400℃.The peak strain of sandstone containing fissures increases gradually while the average modulus decreases gradually with increasing temperature,and the mechanical properties of sandstone show obvious deterioration after 400 ℃.The peak strain of sandstone containing fissures increases gradually while the average modulus decreases gradually with increasing temperature;with increasing angle αof the fissure,the evolution characteristics of the macro-mechanical parameters of sandstone are closely related to the their own mechanical properties.When the temperature is 800 ℃,the correlation between the peak strength and average modulus of sandstone and the angle α of the fissure is obviously weakened.The failure modes of sandstone containing fissures after high temperature exposure are of three different kinds including:tensile crack failure,tensile and shear cracks mixed failure,and shear crack failure.Tensile and shear crack mixed failure occur mainly at low temperatures and small angles;tensile crack failure occurs at high temperatures and large angles.     

Strength and failure characteristics of brittle jointed rock-like specimens under uniaxial compression:Digital speckle technology and a particle mechanics approach

The strength and failure characteristics of most natural rock mass are influenced by discontinues such as fissures, joints, and weak surfaces. In the present study, the strength and failure behavior of ubiquitousjoint rock-like specimens under uniaxial loading have been investigated by DIC(digital image correlation) and discrete element numerical method(PFC2 D). The results are obtained. Firstly, the UCSJof specimens with c = 15° or 30° shows similar tendency while a goes from 0° to 75°. With c = 45° or 60°, the UCSJof specimens increases when a goes from 0° to 30° and decreases after a goes beyond 30°. With c = 75°, the peak UCSJvalue is reached when a = 0°. The UCSJvalue shows an increasing trend when a goes from 60° to 75°. Secondly, the ubiquitous-joint specimens present different failure modes for various levels of a and c(b-a). Based on the experimental results, the failure mode of ubiquitous-joint specimens can be classified into three categories: stepped path failure, failure through parallel plane, and failure through cross plane.     

不同大变形等级下层理角度对层状软岩隧道的影响

为探究不同大变形等级下层理角度对层状软岩隧道的影响,依托九绵高速全线软岩大变形隧道,通过岩石力学试验确定遍布节理模型参数,基于数值模拟,探究不同软岩大变形等级（轻微、中等、强烈）下层理角度对层状软岩大变形隧道围岩及支护体系受力变形的影响,并通过现场统计的层理角度与大变形情况对数值模拟结果进行验证。结果表明：1）层理小角度（0°、15°）与大角度（90°）围岩变形、支护结构受力变形较大,随着大变形等级的增大,层理角度引起的围岩支护变化效果越明显。2）随着层理角度的增大,围岩变形从拱底逐渐转移到右拱腰。围岩变形主要发生在隧道轮廓与层理面相切位置,其中拱底及左拱脚对层理角度变化较敏感。3）初支应力偏向及节理塑性区大致与层理弱面法向一致,随着层理角度的增大,节理的剪切塑性区由拱顶、拱底转移到左拱脚、右拱肩,最终偏移到左右拱腰上下位置;相比初支压应力,初支拉应力对层理角度更敏感,垂直节理增大了张拉剪切破坏塑性区贯通的风险,但剪切破坏塑性区半径反而有可能减小。4）现场的统计规律表现为小角度与大角度大变形等级较高,层理角度为60°以下时,岩层破坏发生在拱腰及拱肩处,随着层理角度的增大,有向拱肩发展的...     

裂隙岩体断裂破坏扩展数值模拟研究

为进一步了解复杂裂隙断裂破坏过程,基于断裂力学理论,采用PFC2D软件对不同裂隙数量岩体进行数值试验,分析裂隙倾角、围压等因素对岩体强度及裂纹扩展的影响规律。研究表明：随着裂隙倾角增大,单裂隙峰值应力和起裂应力先减小后增大,当围压由2 MPa增加到8 MPa时,峰值应力约从120 MPa增大到160 MPa,且起裂应力随着围压增大而增大,与理论分析结果一致;双裂隙倾角为30°和45°裂隙扩展以翼型裂纹和次生斜裂纹为主,裂隙倾角为60°和90°时主要为共面次生裂纹;不同围压下,随着预制裂隙数量增多,裂隙岩体试样峰值应力逐渐减小。研究成果为进一步探索裂隙岩体失稳破坏规律提供参考。     

Failure mode and strength anisotropic characteristic of stratified rock mass under uniaxial compressive situation

A stratified rock mass model was founded by FLAC^3D. The failure mode and anisotropic characteristic of strength for stratified rock mass were analyzed. The analysis results show that the numerical simulation can visually reflect the failure modes of rock samples under different inclination angles β of structural plane. The stiffness of rock sample before peak strength changes in the compressive procedure. With the increase of β, the compressive strength σ _c of rock sample decreases firstly and then increases; when β is in the range of 20°–30° and 80°–90°, σ _c has the largest sensitivity to β; while β falls in the range of 30°–70°, σ _c varies little. When ϕ _j <β<90° (β _j is friction angle of structure plane), the results obtained from numerical simulation and theoretical analysis are in almost the same values; while β⩽ ϕ _j or β=90°, they are in great different values. The results obtained from theoretical analysis are obvious larger than those from numerical simulation; and the results from numerical simulation can reflect the difference of compressive strength of rock samples for the two situations of β⩾ ϕ _j and β=90°, which is in more accordance with the real situation. Foundation item: Project (50099620) supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China     

Experimental study on the mechanical and failure behaviors of deep rock subjected to true triaxial stress: A reviewOA

It has become an inevitable trend of human development to seek resources from the deep underground.However, rock encountered in deep underground engineering is usually in an anisotropic stress state(σ₁>σ>σ₃) due to the influences of geological structures and engineering disturbances. It is therefore essential to study the mechanical, seepage, and dynamic disaster behaviors of deep rock under true triaxial stress to ensure the safe operation of deep rock engineering an...     

Use of double edge-cracked Brazilian disk geometry for compression-shear fracture investigation of rock

A new specimen geometry-the double edge-cracked Brazilian disk and a relevant fracture analysis by weight function method are proposed for the investigation of rock fracture caused by compression-shear loading. Not only can the mixed mode fracture with any ratio of KI /KII be achieved, but also the pure mode n crack extension can be obtained. The combined mode fracture analysis for this geometry shows that diametral compression in the far-field can induce a compression-shear stress state in the singular stress field ahead of crack tips. Experimental investigations conducted on marble specimens show that the pure mode [I crack extension can be obtained when the dimen-sionless crack length a>0. 7 and the inclined crack angle 5°≤ψ≤40°. Normalized mode I and mode II stress intensity factors decrease from -0. 45 and 2. 47 at ψ= 5° to - 1. 65 and 1. 52 at ψ=40°, respectively. The strains at three points of specimen are also measured in order to investigate the influence of stress singularity on initi     

卸围压条件下砂岩变形破坏特性试验研究

从可释放弹性应变能角度对岩石卸围压条件下破坏特性进行研究,利用MTS815电液压伺服可控制刚性试验机进行保持轴向变形不变的卸围压试验,根据卸围压试验数据,分析了该砂岩卸围压过程中变形、强度、弹性模量及能量变化特征。结果表明:随着围压逐渐降低,岩样发生侧向不断扩容;轴向应力逐渐降低,呈现出非线性特征;弹性模量在初始阶段几乎不变化,越过破坏点之后大幅降低;可释放的弹性应变能在初始阶段增大比较缓慢,当围压降低至一定程度时急剧增大;推导出基于可释放弹性应变能的卸荷岩石的整体破坏准则Ue0。     

Analysis of the stress ratio of anisotropic rocks in uniaxial tests

The effect of structural discontinuities on the progressive failure process of anisotropic rocks should be paid particular attention.The crack damage stress σ_(cd),also considered as the yield strength,and the relationship between σ_(cd) and the uniaxial peak strength σ_(ucs) of anisotropic rocks for different orientations 8 of the isotropy planes with respect to the loading directions were investigated theoretically and experimentally.A theoretical relation of σ_(cd)/σ_(ucs) with the function of the shape parameter m was established.Additionally,uniaxial compression tests of shale samples were conducted for several inclinations θ.The test result of σ_(cd)/σ_(ucs) was close to the theoretical value for a given orientation.Furthermore,both experimental results and theoretical solutions of σ_(cd)/σ_(ucs) were independent of the inclination θ while σ_(cd) andσ_(ucs) were strongly affected by θ.The strength ratio σ_(cd)/σ_(ucs) may therefore be an intrinsic property of anisotropic rocks and could be used to predict the failure of rock samples.     

基于FLAC3D的深部隧道分区破裂特性研究

深部地层隧道施工期间,其围岩及支护构成一个复杂的承载体系。开挖导致深部岩体中出现的围岩分区破裂、岩爆等现象会给现场带来极大的安全隐患。围绕分区破裂化这一超常现象,依托淮南矿区某深部巷道工程,借助有限差分软件FLAC3D,通过模拟岩体高温、高地应力等特殊环境下,建立其响应模型,研究了原岩应力和内摩擦角对分区破裂化现象的影响。结果表明：不同原岩压力和内摩擦角对围岩分区破裂现象影响显著;当原岩压力在17.3~35.0 MPa内逐渐增大时,间隔破裂区域体积从0增大至25×102 m3;当摩擦角在22~38°区间内逐渐增大时,间隔破裂区域体积则从26.87×102 m3降至0,恢复至浅部隧道传统破坏模式。     

Numerical analysis of tunnel reinforcing influences on failure process of surrounding rock under explosive stress waves

Based on mesoscopic damage mechanics, numerical code RFPA2D （dynamic edition） was developed to analyze the influence of tunnel reinforcing on failure process of surrounding rock under explosive stress waves. The results show that the propagation phenomenon of stress wave in the surrounding rock of tunnel and the failure process of surrounding rock under explosive stress waves are reproduced realistically by using numerical code RFPA2O; from the failure process of surrounding rock, the place at which surrounding rock fractures is transferred because of tunnel reinforcing, and the rockfall and collapse caused by failure of surrounding rock are restrained by tunnel reinforcing; furthermore, the absolute values of peak values of major principal stress, and the minimal principal stress and shear stress at center point of tunnel roof are reduced because of tunnel reinforcing, and the displacement at center point of runnel roof is reduced as well, consequently the stability of tunnel increases.     

高地应力地区围岩劈裂破坏现场监测和能量耗散模型及应用

随着计算机的发展,数值模拟等技术在岩土领域的应用也越来越广泛。在进行埋深较大的地下洞室施工时,由于岩体的脆性特征,在高地应力作用下,洞室围岩容易出现劈裂破坏。因此,在深部岩体开挖过程中,对于围岩的劈裂破坏区域的预测格外重要。但是目前在现有的计算模型中,尚没有能够很好描述劈裂破坏特性的有限差分本构模型。本文从能量耗散原理出发,结合了横观各向同性模型,采用劈裂破坏准则对模型单元应力状态进行判断,利用FLACE3D的二次开发功能,在C++的编译环境下对模型进行如下改进,在原有模型中导入能量耗散理论和加卸载判据,得到新的自定义横观各向同性计算模型。该模型可以判断岩体所处的加卸载状态,并根据岩石状态使用不同的力学参数进行计算,并且还能够描述高地应力地区围岩产生竖向劈裂裂纹后,不同方向上围岩的不同力学性质。在此基础上对大岗山水电站大型地下洞室群开挖过程中的稳定性进行了计算。另一方面,在大岗山水电站大型地下洞室群开挖工程现场开展了洞周围岩劈裂破坏区的监测,采用钻孔电视、滑动测微计以及形变电阻率三种观测方法,测得了主厂房在进行各个开挖步开挖时,主厂房与主变室之间岩桥中围岩的位移以及劈裂破坏的情况。之后,将现场监测结果与不同本构模型的稳定性分析的计算结果进行对比。并得到以下结论：根据监测结果,大岗山水电站地下洞室群在进行开挖时,主厂房下游边墙围岩的劈裂区平均深度约为13~15m,考虑能量耗散的横观各向同性模型计算所得主厂房下游边墙劈裂区平均深度约为13.6m,二者十分接近;主厂房洞室在进行开挖施工后,随着与临空面的距离增加,围岩内部关键点的位移逐渐减小,在靠近主变室边墙附近,由于又形成了新的劈裂破坏区,因此围岩关键点位移又逐渐增加,考虑能量耗散的横观各向同性模型可以较好的反应围岩位移变化趋势,与监测曲线吻合度较高,而使用摩尔库伦模型以及横观各向同性模型计算得到的曲线则与监测曲线有较大区别;根据稳定性分析结果,主厂房下游边墙吊车梁位置关键点和主厂房洞中关键点开挖后洞壁出现的位移较大,其最大水平位移为29.46mm。主厂房拱顶在开挖的初期位移较大,拱顶竖直位移最大值为10.58mm。主变室拱顶竖直位移为10.06mm。结果表明,对比其他现有的有限差分模型,考虑能量耗散的横观各向同性模型计算结果与实际监测值最接近,可以反应不同开挖步时,围岩内部关键点位移的变化趋势。因此在高地应力地区地下洞室开挖时,可以使用该模型对洞周围岩的劈裂区进行计算与预测,以及在洞室开挖完成后对洞室围岩的稳定性进行分析,并参考计算结果对关键区域加强监测与管理,从而减小围岩劈裂破坏对洞室稳定性的影响。     

地下洞室连续围岩岩爆定量预测模型

根据能量平衡理论,推导了岩爆能量公式,定量分析了地下洞室连续围岩岩爆区位置、面积及碎块弹射速度的影响因素。研究结果表明,围岩水平应力与竖向应力比值小于1,岩爆区面积和碎块平均弹射速度随侧压力系数增大而减小,否则反之。岩爆区面积随岩体峰值荷载前后模量比率系数、岩石颗粒直径、裂隙密度和岩石断裂韧度增大而减小,随泊松比增大而增大。碎块平均弹射速度随颗粒直径、泊松比和岩体峰值荷载前后模量比率系数的增大而减小,随岩石断裂韧度的增大而增大,随裂纹密度的增加先增加后减小最终趋于稳定值。     

高温状态下大理岩力学性能实验研究

采用电液伺服材料力学试验系统对常温~800℃高温作用下大理岩的力学性能进行了研究,考察了大理岩的全应力-应变曲线、峰值应力σp、峰值应变pε、弹性模量E等量的变化特征。结果表明:随受热温度升高大理岩的峰值应力和弹性模量不同程度上渐次降低,尤其是在不同温度段岩石强度降低具有突变性,而峰值应变不同程度渐次增长。800℃时大理岩的延性明显增强,应力达到峰值后,应变仍表现出缓慢增加特性,但最终大理岩破坏方式仍以脆断为主。研究结果一定程度上反映了大理岩在温度作用下内部结构变化的特征,可为相关岩体工程设计与研究提供参考。     

空间与颗粒参数对块石土边坡稳定性影响数值模拟研究

块石土边坡具有物理力学性质复杂,非线性强等特性,受块石-土体空间分布、块石粒径等几何因素影响较大。为研究几何参数对块石土边坡稳定性影响,本文基于研究团队提出的块石形状数据库随机生成方法,采用ABAQUS软件非线性分析方法,考虑含石量、最大粒径、空间分布等多种几何因素,建立大量有限元模型进行计算分析,得到以下结果：含石量增大,边坡安全系数上升,且含石量在50%-60%这个区间是上升速率最快。含石量增大,同粒径组边坡安全系数标准差增大,模型安全系数差异变大;最大粒径增大,块石分布对于边坡安全系数的影响增大,边坡稳定性先减小后增强,同粒径组边坡安全系数标准差增大。含石量和最大粒径增大,块石空间分布对于边坡稳定性影响增大。粒径大小不同,块石空间分布对于块石土边坡稳定性影响方式也不同,大粒径块石存在令滑动面向边坡内部发展,而密集小粒径块石大多是令滑面呈折线形,二者皆可增大边坡稳定性;当块石长轴与坡面夹角为90°、135°时,边坡塑性区呈发散分布,滑面更靠内部,稳定性更好,而当块石长轴与坡面夹角为0°、45°,则与上述情况相反;在通常沉积条件下,边坡稳定性随长短轴比增加而降低,滑动面越发平滑,塑性区范围与更加集中。可以看出,含石量、块石粒径、空间分布等因素对于块石土边坡有很大影响。几何参数不同,边坡稳定性差异较大,且具有一定规律性,在实际工程中有一定参考价值。