锁脚锚杆和系统锚杆对软弱围岩隧道安全性影响研究

针对软弱围岩隧道开挖过程中,出现变形过大的问题,施工现场往往采用锁脚锚杆和系统锚杆的支护措施.通过数值模拟的方法,对比分析锁脚锚杆和系统锚杆对支护结构的变形和内力的影响,得到如下结论：锁脚锚杆在隧道整体下沉方面,作用更为明显;系统锚杆对隧道的水平收敛效果更好;添加系统锚杆相对于锁脚锚杆对隧道整体的安全性提高更大.综合考虑软弱围岩拱顶沉降大和水平收敛大的现状,施工过程中,应该综合使用系统锚杆和锁脚锚杆,以保证隧道的安全施工.     

Strength and deformation behaviors of bedded rock mass under bolt reinforcement

The mechanism of bolt support is an important topic in mining engineering and slope treatment. The artificial material and loading system were self-developed to study the influence of bedding cohesion and bolt number on the anchoring behavior of bedded rock mass. The results show that, both peak strength and elasticity modulus increase gradually with the increase of bedding cohesion and bolt number. The axial stress–strain curve of bedded rock mass under the reinforcement of bolts presents the features of strain-softening and secondary strengthening. Finally, anchoring behavior of bedded rock mass with different bolt numbers was simulated by using FLAC3 D numerical program and the results were compared with the experimental results. This study can provide certain bases to the stability control and support design of bedded rock mass in roadway.     

FEM analyses of stress and deformation of a flexible inner pressure bolt

The flexible inner pressure bolt is a new kind and new structural bolt (anchor rod). A number of structural improvements and performance test have been carried out. The bolt has superior compatibility to the soft crag and the large distortion tunnel with its flexibility. In order to study its stress, deformation and interaction mechanism thoroughly, a number of large distortion calculations and analyses have been carried out on the bolt by FEM (finite element method), especially with the ANSYS software, based on the updated Lagrangian law. The results show that the maximum stress of the inner wall of the bolt is consistent with an elastic analytic solution. The maximum stress on the body occurs in the vicinity of the enhancement material. The link enhancement of the body seems to be quite essential. The experimental results indicate that the maximum injection pressure in the bolt is 2.5 MPa without link enhancement and 8.3 MPa with the enhancement. This link enhancement effect is highly significant. These results provide some basis for the design, application and anchoring stress analysis of the holt.     

Theoretical analysis of a new segmented anchoring style in weakly cemented soft surrounding rock

According to the tensile failure of rock bolt in weakly cemented soft rock, this paper presents a new segmented anchoring style in order to weaken the cumulative effect of anchoring force associated with the large deformation. Firstly, a segmented mechanical model was established in which free and anchoring section of rock bolt were respectively arranged in different deformation zones. Then, stress and displacement in elastic non-anchoring zone, elastic anchoring zone, elastic sticking zone, softening sticking zone and broken zone were derived respectively based on neural theory and tri-linear strain softening constitutive model of soft rock. Results show that the anchoring effect can be characterized by a supporting parameter b. With its increase, the peak value of tangential stress gradually moves to the roadway wall, and the radial stress significantly increases, which means the decrease of equivalent plastic zone and improvement of confining effect provided by anchorage body. When b increases to 0.72, the equivalent plastic zone disappears, and stresses tend to be the elastic solutions. In addition, the anchoring effect on the displacement of surrounding rock can be quantified by a normalization factor δ.     

Stress evolution and support mechanism of a bolt anchored in a rock mass with a weak interlayer

By applying experimental method, the bolt stress and supporting mechanism is studied during the deformation process of a rock mass containing a weak interlayer. The force measuring bolt is installed manually and instrumented five pairs of symmetrical strain gauges. The experimental results show that the fully grouted bolt suffers tensile, compressive, bending and shear stress at the same time. The bolt stress evolution is closely related to the deformation stages of the rock mass which are very gradually varying stage, gradually varying stage at the pre-peak and suddenly varying stage at the post peak stage.The axial compressive stress in the bolt is mainly induced by the moment. Thus, in most cases the axial compressive stress is distributed on one side of the bolt. For axial stresses, induced by the axial force and the bending moment at the post-peak stage, three types of changing are observed, viz. increasingincreasing type, decreasing-increasing type and increasing-decreasing type. The stress characteristics of the bolt section in the weak interlayer are significantly different from those in the hard rock. The failure models of the anchored bolt are tensile failure and shear failure, respectively. The bolt not only provides constraints on the free surface of the rock mass, but also resists the axial and lateral loading by the bending moment. This study provides valuable guidelines for bolting support design and its safety assessment.     

液压钳制器的螺栓力学分析

针对某款液压常闭型钳制器提供钳制力的螺栓,分析其受力情况与安全系数,验证了车去中段螺纹的螺栓直径为9mm的光杆部分能够承受钳制器所需要的巨大的钳制力,但是在重新设计时,应当将光杆部分的直径尽量取得大一些,保证螺杆不会被拉坏。同时验证了大径为12mm的螺栓,各螺距对螺纹强度影响不大,并给出了不同大径不同螺距的普通螺纹危险截面的切应力与弯曲应力的计算公式,为替换其他标准和选用合适的国标普通螺纹提供了理论依据。     

土遗址用变径木锚杆锚固机理数值模拟研究

基于室内拉拔试验的物理模型,利用FLAC^3D建立变径木锚杆拉拔数值计算模型,分析了变径木锚杆锚固系统的荷载传递规律、界面剪应力分布和传递规律、浆体土体应力场和位移场,并通过数值试验研究锚孔直径、锚杆直径和锚固长度对锚固效果的影响。研究结果表明：数值试验结果与室内拉拔试验结果较为吻合,证明数值模拟木锚杆拉拔过程的可行性和科学性;木锚杆浆体界面剪应力沿锚固段分布不均,主要集中在锚固段顶端和末端的0.1 m范围内,末端界面剪应力呈增大的趋势与其变径的结构特征有关,其变径的特点在一定程度上提高了木锚杆的抗拔力;变径木锚杆同时具有拉力型和压力型锚杆的特征,径向具有剪胀作用;锚固影响因素中锚孔直径、锚固长度对木锚杆抗拔力影响显著,而锚杆直径对其影响相对较小;提出了木锚杆极限抗拔力计算公式。     

Stress wave propagation in supporting bolts: A test for bolt support quality

A test method for the non-destructive determination of bolt length, anchoring length, and bolt body force is described. This addresses the problems of low accuracy, limited number of data, and untimely warning signs encountered with existing test methods. Numerical simulations of the bolt, resin, and rock system show that the length accuracy when using the velocity wave is lower than when using the acceleration wave. It is accepted practice to use the acceleration wave for length tests because of improved signal to noise ratios of the waveforms. Laboratory and in situ underground tests showed that the precision of the measurements meets field requirements. Using this method the anchor properties of each single bolt and, thus, the safety of the entire roadway support may be evaluated.     

Failure mechanism of bolting support and high-strength bolt-grouting technology for deep and soft surrounding rock with high stress

In deep underground mining, the surrounding rocks are very soft with high stress. Their deformation and destruction are serious, and frequent failures occur on the bolt support. The failure mechanism of bolt support is proposed to solve these problems. A calculation theory is established on the bond strength of the interface between the anchoring agent and surrounding rocks. An analysis is made on the influence law of different mechanical parameters of surrounding rocks on the interfacial bond strength. Based on the research, a new high-strength bolt-grouting technology is developed and applied on site. Besides, some helpful engineering suggestions and measures are proposed. The research shows that the serious deformation and failure, and the lower bond strength are the major factors causing frequent failures of bolt support. So, the bolt could not give full play to its supporting potential. It is also shown that as the integrity, strength, interface dilatancy and stress of surrounding rocks are improved, the bond strength will increase. So, the anchoring force on surrounding rocks can be effectively improved by employing an anchoring agent with high sand content, mechanical anchoring means, or grouting reinforcement. The new technology has advantages in a high strength, imposing pre-tightening force, and giving full play to the bolt supporting potential. Hence, it can improve the control effect on surrounding rocks. All these could be helpful references for the design of bolt support in deep underground mines.     

Non-destructive testing and pre-warning analysis on the quality of bolt support in deep roadways of mining districts

The bolt support quality of coal roadways is one of the important factors for the efficiency and security of coal production. By means of a self-developed technique and equipment of random non-destructive testing, non-destructive detection and pre-warning analysis on the quality of bolt support in deep roadways of mining districts were performed in a number of mining areas. The measured data were obtained in the detection instances of abnormal in-situ stress and support invalidation etc. The corresponding relation between axial bolt load variation and roadway surrounding rock deformation and stability was summarized in different mining service stages. Pre-warning technology of roadway surrounding rock stability is proposed based on the detection of axial bolt load. Meanwhile, pre-warning indicators of axial bolt load in different mining service stages are offered and some successful pre-warning cases are also illustrated.The research results show that the change rules of axial bolt load in different mining service stages are quite similar in different mining areas. The change of axial bolt load is in accord with the adjustment of surrounding rock stress, which can consequently reflect the deformation and stability state of roadway surrounding rock. Through the detection of axial bolt load in different sections of roadways, the status of real-time bolt support quality can be reflected; meanwhile, the rationality of bolt support design can be evaluated which provides reference for bolting parameters optimization.     

岩锚吊车梁轮压作用下的三维稳定性分析

应用FLAC3D软件,结合实际工程,考虑混凝土、围岩和锚杆3者变形对岩锚吊车梁受力状况的影响,计算分析了岩锚吊车梁及附近围岩在运行期轮压作用下的工作性态和稳定性,分析了岩锚吊车梁锚杆的受力情况以及吊车梁与岩壁接触面的稳定性,论证了三维有限差分方法用于研究水电站地下厂房岩锚吊车梁的合理性.     

新型高预应力锚杆支护技术的研究及应用

在总结和研究了巷道围岩与锚杆支护体共同变形破坏规律的基础上,试验研制了具有高预应力的新型钢绞线锚杆.新型锚杆可提供强大的高预应力,能够很好地控制围岩产生的有害变形,实现锚杆与围岩的同步变形,更好地发挥围岩的自承能力.同时预应力钢绞线锚杆安装后不易松动,受外界放炮震动影响小,锚杆材料强度大,用于巷道支护后不仅技术上可行,而且同等支护强度条件下能够降低支护成本,对深部矿井软岩支护具有重要的推广应用价值.     

全长粘结式预应力锚杆受力分析

全长粘结式树脂锚杆对巷道围岩具有较好的控制效果,尤其在松软破碎条件下,因为树脂不仅将锚杆与钻孔壁有效地粘结在一起,而且还能对围岩起到一定的加固作用．由于树脂的快速粘结的特点,为预应力的施加提供了方便,从而使锚杆体系能够主动地抑制巷道围岩的早期变形,使其在高初撑力约束下低速流变．由于分析了有预应力时全长粘结式锚杆所受剪力和轴力的变化情况,结果表明预应力在改善锚杆受力的同时使锚固强度得到提高．     

Effect of bolt rib spacing on load transfer mechanism

Rock bolting has firmly used as the coal mine roof reinforcement in underground coal mine. The bolting effect of fully grouted rebar bolt is closely related to the bolt surface profile. This paper provides an experimental study to confirm that bolt rib internal length has great influence on bolting effect. Pull-out tests were conducted using rebar bolt with different rib spacings of 12, 24, 36 and 48 mm representatively from steel tube and from concrete. Results show that peak load increases 25.3% for bolt with large rib spacing. For pull out using concrete block, the increment of peak load between large and small rib spacing is not significant, but the bolt with large rib spacing has great absorption of deformational energy than small rib spacing bolt. This study provides experimental evidence towards optimum design of rock bolt for understand coal mining industry.     

软岩巷道锚喷支护破坏分析与对策

软岩巷道锚喷支护破坏原因主要有:巷道底板无支护或支护的强度不够,底板流变极易发展,形成了围岩体的流变通道;大部分锚杆支护为低工作阻力值,支护作用没有得到有效发挥;混凝土喷层和围岩体变形不匹配,导致喷层体离层、剪切破坏;钢笆网抵抗破坏和变形的能力弱,降低了网喷层的强度和抗变形能力.采取的支护对策有:底板反拱加强支护,避免局部围岩体的整体移动,实现巷道周边岩体的均匀收敛变形;选用长锚杆,更好地控制巷道围岩的变形;初喷混凝土为厚度20 mm薄喷层,实现初喷层与巷道围岩体的同步变形;用直径4 mm冷拔钢丝编织金属网替代钢笆网,提高网喷层支护体的强度与抗变形能力;二次锚杆支护在复喷混凝土后进行,防止网喷层与围岩体离层现象的发生.     

三软煤层巷道支护方式及围岩控制效果分析

在分析三软煤层极不稳定煤巷矿压特点基础上，研制了适应两帮大变形的可缩性工字钢支架、适应两帮及顶底严重变形特别是底鼓的U29可缩性环形支架，设计了锚架注联合支护的参数与工艺，并在同一采区先后进行了工业性试验．采用数值模拟方法研究了三软条件下锚梁网索支护不同参数选取、不同布置形式对围岩变形的控制效果，优选了支护参数并进行了现场试验，比较试验结果，表明极不稳定煤巷围岩变形主要特点是强烈和持久的两帮移近及底鼓，锚梁网索支护是控制围岩大变形的有效方法，其技术关键是提高锚杆初锚力、布置底角锚杆及顶角锚索．     

Similarity simulation of bolt support in a coal roadway in a tectonic stress field

In order to study the mechanism of bolt support and the behavior of strata in a coal roadway under tectonic stress,deformation and destruction of a roof,floor and sides were studied using an experiment in similarity simulation.We also studied the mechanism and types of bolt support functions in the coal roadway.The results show that with an increase in horizontal tectonic stress,the strata in the roof and floor of the roadway gradually separate and become shear failure areas.Coal in side walls moves,but its integrity remains intact.Side bolts are mainly affected by tension and roof bolts by the effect of shear.     

锚杆无损检测技术及其在工程中的应用

为了明确实测波形跟锚固质量、检测方式之间的关系,基于应力波反射法检测的原理、方法以及应力波的传播理论,针对不同检测要素,分别进行了锚杆模型试验、锚杆检测工作模式试验、锚杆固结前后试验,并结合工程实例,分析探讨了无损检测技术在锚杆锚固质量评价中的应用.     

Action mechanism of a mechanical end-anchorage bolt

Axial compression stress, produced by the pre-tightening force of a bolt, is a necessary condition for surrounding rock to form a whole structure. For this study, we built a mechanical model for an end-anchorage bolt, which represented the effect of a bolt on the surrounding rock in roadways in order to obtain its elastic solution. Simultaneously, we analyzed factors affecting the axial compression of the bolt on the surrounding rock and obtained the axial stress contours of the anchorage area through this elastic solution. The results indicate that 1) the axial compression stress in the anchorage area is proportional to the pre-tightening force and confirms the rule that stress declines sharply with the increase in axial distance from the bolt, with an effective stress radius of 1 m;2) the maximum axial compression stress declines first and then rises with the increase in depth from the surface of the anchorage surrounding rock and 3) the size of the axial compression area is mainly determined by the length of the bolt.     

全长粘结锚杆锚-浆界面应力的分布规律

在局部变形理论基础上,对全长粘结型锚杆锚-浆界面破坏类型的锚固机理进行分析研究。将注浆体与围岩视为相对位移为零的稳定体,通过确定其主要影响系数r、k_s分析得到锚-浆界面的剪应力与轴向荷载的双曲线应力分布形式。通过Flac 3D数值模拟技术和实验算例对其进行对比分析,证明其合理性。定义虚拟系数T用来描述锚杆与注浆体界面材料性质,并对其影响参数进行分析,发现锚杆长度在一定范围内可以增强锚固效果,但过度增加锚杆长度对杆体剪应力与轴向荷载影响较小;随着锚杆半径增大,锚浆界面剪应力峰值呈非线性减小,作用的范围增加,为避免产生应力集中现象,应避免使用半径较小的锚杆;虚拟系数T可以描述锚浆界面的相差度,T值增大,锚浆界面的剪应力增大,作用的均匀度及轴向荷载作用范围降低明显,可通过取合适的T值使锚固效果最佳。T值对锚杆锚固机制的影响较为明显。