Effect of fissure water on mechanical characteristics of rock mass

In view of the effect of fissure water in fractured rock mass on the strength of rock mass in engineering projects,we prepared specimens of cement mortar to simulate saturated rock mass with continuous fractures of different slope angles.By exerting static and dynamic loads on the specimens,the mechanical characteristics of rock mass with fissure water under these loads can be analyzed.Our experimental results indicate that the static compressive strength of saturated fractured rock mass is related to the slope angle.The lowest compressive strength of fractured rock mass occurs when the slope angle is 45°,while the highest strength occurs when the specimen has no fractures.Fissure water can weaken the strength of rock mass.The softening coefficient does not vary with the slope angle and type of load.The hydrodynamic pressure of fractured rock mass gradually increases with an increase in dynamic load.For a 0° slope angle,the hydrodynamic pressure reaches its highest level.When the slope angle is 90°,the hydrodynamic pressure is the lowest.     

砂岩储层裂缝在水力压裂作用下扩展准则及其应用

为研究不同储层裂缝方向以及井网布置下的油田合理注水压力,基于多孔介质力学以及断裂力学理论建立了含共线裂缝岩体储层裂缝的扩展模型,以及注水压力的计算模型。文章结合头台油田扶余储层参数探讨了储层裂缝方位,注采井方位以及裂缝距注水井距离对注水压力的影响规律。研究结果表明：在给定的注采井方位下,当裂缝与最大主应力方向平行时,注水压力最小,随着裂缝与最大主应力夹角的增大,注水压力也逐渐增大,当裂缝与最小主应力方向平行时压力最大;注水压力随注采井方位以及裂缝距注水井距离增大而增大。为避免油井出现暴性水淹以及提高油田采收率,针对扶余储层给出了一个合理的注水压力范围值。本文研究结果与实际工程测井数据较吻合,因此对同类油田开发具有指导意义。     

不同含石率及基覆岩层倾角下土石混合体边坡稳定性分析

为准确地分析土石混合体边坡的稳定性，提出了一种可考虑不同块石含量、块石随机分布及基覆岩层倾角的边坡稳定性分析方法。该方法根据土石混合体边坡中的块石含量、级配以及基覆岩层倾角，随机生成了含石率从10%～60%、基覆岩层倾角从0°～20°的边坡模型，每种含石率及基覆岩层倾角均考虑8个不同的块石分布位置，最后将生成的模型导入到Optum G2中建立土石混合体边坡模型，采用有限元极限分析法对该类型边坡的稳定性进行了分析，并将计算结果与采用Kalender等效强度参数模型所得的结果进行了对比验证。研究结果表明，由于块石空间分布位置的不同，相同含石率及基覆岩层倾角下土石混合体边坡的最大、最小下、上限安全系数变化较大；相同含石率下，随着基覆岩层倾角的增加，边坡的下、上限安全系数的平均值变化相对较小；土石混合体边坡坡体中的剪切带呈现出“绕石”、“分流”以及“包含”这3种典型的扩展模式；通过将本文方法与Kalender等效强度参数模型所得的安全系数进行的对比分析，验证了作者所提方法的可行性。研究结果可为土石混合体边坡的设计及施工提供参考依据。     

Probabilistic assessment of rock slopes stability using the response surface approach——A case study

This paper examines the stability condition of a jointed rock slope in the south western region of Saudi Arabia using deterministic and probabilistic approaches, under both dry and wet conditions. The study area is characterized by complex geology in rugged terrains. The stability analysis is carried out using the code FLAC3 D to generate a 3-dimensional, ubiquitous joint model, to determine the influence of the dominant, unfavourable discontinuity orientation with respect to the slope face. The deterministic analysis is first implemented using the mean values of the selected random variables, namely the dip,dip direction and friction angle of the dominant discontinuity set, and the stability condition is assessed with a factor of safety based on the classical frictional joint constitutive model. A Box-Behnken design(BBD) approach is then adopted to create the surface response function as a second order polynomial for the factor of safety. To do so, fifteen FLAC3 D models are generated in accordance with the BBD.Based on this, 10,000 simulations of different slope realizations are carried out using Monte-Carlo simulation technique, and the probability of unsatisfactory of performance of the rock slope is assessed. It is shown that the probabilistic approach provides more insight and confidence in the stability condition of the rock slope, both under dry and steady state heavy rainfall conditions. A discussion is presented on the significance of accepting lower safety factors when heavy rainfall conditions are encountered.     

基于均匀化方法的天然复合材料等效弹性性能分析

节理岩体是一种自然界广泛存在的天然复合材料,作者提出了含有节理岩体的复合材料的细观力学模型,利用均匀化方法计算了任意节理交角及相对节理宽度下岩体的等效弹性参数,得到了等效弹性参数随岩体节理倾角及相对节理宽度的变化曲线.     

坝区岩体蠕变参数反演与边坡开挖流变计算分析

软弱岩体是影响边坡安全稳定的重要因素,为有效反映大岗山坝区辉绿岩脉和断层破碎带等软弱岩体的蠕变变形特性,根据大岗山坝区现场压缩蠕变试验资料和推导的基于广义开尔文模型的刚性承压板边缘岩体的粘弹性变形计算公式,采用优化反演法计算得到坝区软弱岩体的蠕变力学参数,建立了大岗山水电站坝区边坡开挖卸荷的三维流变计算分析模型,使用FLAC3D软件详细分析了边坡分步开挖过程中坝肩坝基岩体的变形特性和软弱岩体的蠕变力学效应,获得了对工程设计和施工具有指导意义的建议和结论.     

Model test to investigate failure mechanism and loading characteristics of shallow-bias tunnels with small clear distance

Based on the similarity theory,a tunnel excavation simulation testing system under typical unsymmetrical loading conditions was established.Using this system,the failure mechanism of surrounding rock of shallow-bias tunnels with small clear distance was analyzed along with the load characteristics.The results show that:1) The failure process of surrounding rock of shallow-bias tunnels with small clear distance consists of structural and stratum deformation induced by tunnel excavation; Microfracture surfaces are formed in the tunnel surrounding rock and extend deep into the rock mass in a larger density; Tensile cracking occurs in shallow position on the deep-buried side,with shear slip in deep rock mass.In the meantime,rapid deformation and slip take place on the shallow-buried side until the surrounding rocks totally collapse.The production and development of micro-fracture surfaces in the tunnel surrounding rock and tensile cracking in the shallow position on the deep-buried side represent the key stages of failure.2) The final failure mode is featured by an inverted conical fracture with tunnel arch as its top and the slope at tunnel entrance slope as its bottom.The range of failure on the deep-buried side is significantly larger than that on the shallow-buried side.Such difference becomes more prominent with the increasing bias angle.What distinguishes it from the "linear fracture surface" model is that the model proposed has a larger fracture angle on the two sides.Moreover,the bottom of the fracture is located at the springing line of tunnel arch.3) The total vertical load increases with bias angle.Compared with the existing methods,the unsymmetrical loading effect in measurement is more prominent.At last,countermeasures are proposed according to the analysis results: during engineering process,1) The surrounding rock mass on the deep-buried side should be reinforced apart from the tunnel surrounding rock for shallow-buried tunnels with small clear distance; moreover,the scope of consolidation should go beyond the midline of tunnel(along the direction of the top of slope) by 4 excavation spans of single tunnel.2) It is necessary to modify the load value of shallow-bias tunnels with small clear distance.     

双节理岩体TBM滚刀破岩过程数值模拟

为了研究节理特征对全断面掘进机(tunnel boring machine, TBM)盘形滚刀破岩的影响,采用颗粒流方法建立盘形滚刀与含平行双节理岩体的二维数值模型,进行不同节理倾角和间距的30组数值试验,根据数值试验结果研究岩体破裂模式、滚刀竖向接触力峰值随节理倾角和间距的变化规律、滚刀破岩过程中细观裂纹扩展规律。研究结果表明:不同的节理特征下,滚刀破岩可以分为4种基本的破裂模式;滚刀竖向接触力峰值随节理倾角的增大呈现先减小后增大的趋势,在节理倾角为30°或45°时最小,在节理倾角为90°时最大;滚刀竖向接触力峰值随节理间距的增大总体上呈现增大趋势;随滚刀的贯入,滚刀竖向接触力与细观裂纹个数有3个关联的变化阶段。通过研究TBM滚刀与节理岩体相互作用机制,揭示不同节理特征对滚刀破岩的影响规律,对TBM滚刀的合理设计和施工有一定的指导意义。     

管单元用于缩减岩体渗透张量计算规模

为探讨裂隙空间渗流的优势路径、在满足精度的前提下减少计算量并使模型更具实用价值,根据实测结构面资料,采用圆盘模型,生成与现场岩体具有相同统计特征的三维裂隙网络,将渗流渠道简化为一维管单元模型,研究分组排列和全排列两种方式缩减计算规模对渗透张量和表征单元体(representative elementary volume...     

含锯齿状结构面的岩质边坡稳定性拟动力分析

为了研究含有锯齿状结构面的岩质边坡稳定性，结合锯齿状结构面的剪切强度经验公式，综合考虑结构面参数、锚固效应、地震作用以及地下水位深度等因素的影响，基于改进的拟动力法推导了加锚结构面边坡抗滑稳定性安全系数计算式，并分析了岩石边坡稳定性的影响因素，结果表明：锯齿状结构面的抗剪强度与起伏角呈线性关系，随着起伏角的增大而增大；随着地震系数、滑动面倾角、水位深度、边坡倾角以及土体重度的增加，边坡稳定性降低，随着内摩擦角的增大而提高；锚固力越大，岩体的抗剪强度增大，边坡抗滑稳定性提高，但是锚固角的增大对边坡的稳定性起着负面效应。     

Multi-factor Analysis of Reflection from Granite Surfaces

Many earlier experiments have shown that reflection from rock surfaces depends upon surface roughness,in-cidence zenith angle,viewing zenith angle,incidence azimuth and viewing azimuth. However,no research exists show-ing the interaction effects of these variables. Using granite as a model surface,we have designed an orthogonal,two level test having seven factors. Analysis of variance shows that surface roughness,relative viewing azimuth,and the in-teraction between these two factors are the largest sources of variance in our experiment. Hence we should include the interaction term in reflection models of granite.     

顺倾向层状岩质边坡溃屈破坏分析

为了解顺倾向层状岩质边坡的溃屈破坏特性,根据多层层状岩质边坡的溃屈破坏模式,并考虑静水压力和地震的影响,建立了相应的力学模型.采用特殊函数理论进行分析,得出各层岩体溃屈曲线的理论公式,对此类边坡溃屈破坏的临界坡长和破坏位置进行了求解.分析了岩石弹性模量、层间滑动面强度、岩层厚度、层面倾角等因素对此类边坡溃屈破坏临界坡长的影响.针对工程实例的分析结果与实际情况符合较好,证明了该理论的正确性.     

初始组构各向异性对类砂土直剪试验影响的非圆颗粒组模拟

针对圆形和单粒组颗粒模拟试验的缺陷,基于PFC2D的clump命令,开发了非圆形颗粒组,采用单向法、各向同法和沉积法生成不同初始组构特征的试验样品,模拟了砂土直接剪切试验过程.探讨了初始组构各向异性对砂土抗剪强度与剪胀性的影响规律,研究了剪切过程中力链的演化形式,分析了颗粒旋转以及剪切带内外颗粒长轴定向的变化特征.数值试验结果表明：颗粒初始组构的差异对抗剪强度的影响较大,对材料的剪胀性以及内摩擦角的影响较小;剪切过程应力主轴发生了偏转,颗粒接触角向主应力方向靠拢;颗粒旋转主要发生在8倍于平均颗粒半径的条带内,颗粒长轴定向也发生了偏转,偏转方向与主应力偏转方向相同,但滞后于主应力的偏转速度;初始组构的不同影响剪切带内颗粒的旋转速度.     

Analysis of electromagnetic scattering from the wind-blown barchan

A barchan model is simulated by the theory of wind-blown sand dunes. Using the Kirchhoff Approximation based on the discrete element method, electromagnetic scattering coefficients are calculated for the cases of incident wave impinges on the single sand dune along the up-wind slope, the lee slope and the two-side slope face direction, respectively. A comparison of the backscattering coefficients and bistatic scattering coefficients for the four incident directions are made. Numerical results show that co-polarized backscattering coefficients of the lee slope have a local peak value when the incident angle is equal to the repose angle. Cross-polarized bistatic coefficient of the lee slope near the backscattering region is enhanced when the incident angle approaches the repose angle. Bistatic scattering coefficients of two-side slope faces have symmetry with respect to the azimuth angle in the incident plane.     

基于改进Sarma法的倾倒变形体蓄水稳定性评价

库区强倾倒变形体常在蓄水期以特定模式发生失稳破坏。根据现场强倾倒变形体蓄水失稳特征,分析其破坏模式为"上拉下剪"式破坏,破坏面具有明显分段性。在传统Sarma法基础上,考虑饱和岩体强度降低及所受静水压力,通过调整岩层面强度折减系数改进了Sarma法。以Fortran为平台编写强倾倒变形体稳定性分析程序,通过苗尾水电站工程实例边坡对所提力学模型和分析方法进行验证,并与离散元模拟结果进行对比验证其准确性。最后进行参数分析,研究结果表明边坡自然坡角对倾倒变形体稳定性影响比较大,坡角越陡稳定性越低,同时软岩较多的边坡蓄水后稳定性将大大降低,得出的结论和规律符合工程实际。     

Numerical simulations of failure behavior around a circular opening in a non-persistently jointed rock mass under biaxial compression

Pre-existing discontinuities change the mechanical properties of rock masses,and further influence failure behavior around an underground opening.In present study,the failure behavior in both Inner and Outer zones around a circular opening in a non-persistently jointed rock mass under biaxial compression was investigated through numerical simulations.First,the micro parameters of the PFC^3D model were carefully calibrated using the macro mechanical properties determined in physical experiments implemented on jointed rock models.Then,a parametrical study was undertaken of the effect of stress condition,joint dip angle and joint persistency.Under low initial stress,the confining stress improves the mechanical behavior of the surrounding rock masses;while under high initial stress,the surrounding rock mass failed immediately following excavation.At small dip angles the cracks around the circular opening developed generally outwards in a step-path failure pattern;whereas,at high dip angles the surrounding rock mass failed in an instantaneous intact rock failure pattern.Moreover,the stability of the rock mass around the circular opening deteriorated significantly with increasing joint persistency.     

桥台锥坡设计

桥台锥坡一般采用椭圆锥形护坡,正交时锥形护坡的椭圆短轴为顺耳墙方向,长轴垂直于耳墙;斜交角度中时,则长、短轴同时转动某一角度φ1,往往被设计者忽略,从而在许多高速公路上都出现钝角锥坡坡度过陡(如斜交45°时,最小锥坡坡度为1∶0.6),和锐角锥坡过缓现象,锥坡外形很不美观。本文提出合理的锥坡设计方法,供桥梁设计人员参考。     

椭圆水泥环厚度和弹性模量对套管受力的影响分析

根据岩石力学和弹塑性力学理论,建立套管-水泥环-地层力学模型,采用有限元方法研究分析不同地应力条件下椭圆水泥环厚度和弹性模量对套管应力的影响,研究结果表明：在均匀地应力条件下,一定厚度的圆形水泥环对减小套管受力有益,在非均匀地应力条件下,采用椭圆水泥环能有效的减小套管应力．     

裂隙岩体断裂破坏扩展数值模拟研究

为进一步了解复杂裂隙断裂破坏过程,基于断裂力学理论,采用PFC2D软件对不同裂隙数量岩体进行数值试验,分析裂隙倾角、围压等因素对岩体强度及裂纹扩展的影响规律。研究表明：随着裂隙倾角增大,单裂隙峰值应力和起裂应力先减小后增大,当围压由2 MPa增加到8 MPa时,峰值应力约从120 MPa增大到160 MPa,且起裂应力随着围压增大而增大,与理论分析结果一致;双裂隙倾角为30°和45°裂隙扩展以翼型裂纹和次生斜裂纹为主,裂隙倾角为60°和90°时主要为共面次生裂纹;不同围压下,随着预制裂隙数量增多,裂隙岩体试样峰值应力逐渐减小。研究成果为进一步探索裂隙岩体失稳破坏规律提供参考。     

Forward Modeling of Azimuthal Anisotropy to the Reflected P Wave of Coal Seam

Under the condition of weak anisotropy, the relation of P-wave anisotropy in direction to fractures of coal seams was researched in order to forecast the density and the direction of the fractures. Although the approximate solution by Rtiger is suitable for thick reservoirs, it has some limitations for the composite reflected wave from both roofs and floors of coal seams, as well as multiple reflections. So first, the phase velocity and group velocity as well as their travel time were calculated about the reflected P-wave of the coal seam. Then, the anisotropic coefficients of both roofs and floors were calculated by Rueger formulae and last, the section versus azimuth in fixed offset can be gotten by convolution. In addition, the relation of amplitude of the composite reflected wave to azimuth angle was discussed. The forward modelling results of the coal azimuth anisotropy show these： 1） the coal seam is the strong reflecting layer, but the change of the reflectivity caused by the azimuth anisotropy is smaller; 2） if the azimuth angle is parallel to the crack strike, the reflectivity reaches up to the maximum absolute value, however, if the azimuth angle is perpendicular to the crack strike, the absolute value of the reflection coefficient is minimum; and 3）the reflection coefficient is the cosine function of the azimuth angle and the period is π.