水基冷冻干燥工艺制备层状结构多孔SiC陶瓷

以微米级SiC粉体为原料,利用冷冻干燥和原位反应烧结制备了具有层状孔道结构的SiC多孔陶瓷.XRD分析表明多孔陶瓷的主相是α-SiC,结合相是方石英;SEM观察到多孔陶瓷具有相互连通的开孔结构;多孔SiC陶瓷的总孔隙率和开孔隙率随固相含量和烧结温度的增加而下降.多孔陶瓷的孔径分布呈现双峰分布特点,大孔孔径峰值介于20～80 μm,小孔孔径峰值为0.5～0.9 μm.在原位反应烧结过程中,在1100℃以上SiC开始发生氧化形成SiO2结合的多孔SiC陶瓷,显著提高了陶瓷的压缩强度.随着烧结温度从1000℃提高到1500℃,固相含量为30vol%的多孔SiC陶瓷开孔率从68.9%下降到61.8%,压缩强度由5.5 MPa升至25.5 MPa.     

烧结工艺对石英质多孔陶瓷性能的影响

以石英砂为主要原料,采用液相烧结法,经半干压成型制备石英质多孔陶瓷.采用SEM对多孔陶瓷的显微结构进行表征.探讨了烧结温度、保温时间对多孔陶瓷孔隙率及断裂强度的影响.结果表明:随着烧结温度升高,保温时间延长,石英质多孔陶瓷的孔隙率下降、断裂强度不断增大;最佳烧结温度为1250℃,最佳保温时间为30 min.在最佳烧结工艺条件下,制备得到高孔隙率陶瓷,孔结构单一且孔径分布较窄,平均孔径大约为12.41μm.     

水基冷冻干燥工艺制备莫来石结合多孔SiC陶瓷

以微米级SiC和纳米级α-Al2O3为原料,经水基冷冻干燥及原位反应烧结工艺制备莫来石结合多孔SiC陶瓷.XRD分析表明多孔陶瓷主相是α-SiC,结合相是莫来石.多孔陶瓷的孔径分布呈现双峰分布特点,大孔孔径峰值介于3 ～20 μm,小孔孔径峰值为0.5 ～1 μm.体系中SiC固相含量及烧结温度对多孔陶瓷显微结构及性能有显著影响.当SiC固相含量由20vol％增至30vol％时,多孔陶瓷的孔结构由间距为20～ 30 μm、且定向排列的层状结构演变为孔径约为4μm的定向通孔结构.当烧结温度由1200℃升至1500℃时,多孔SiC陶瓷开气孔率由66％下降至64％,抗压缩强度由4.5 MPa升至16 MPa.     

H2O2/H2O溶液冷冻干燥制备HA多孔陶瓷

以H2O2/H2O结晶体为模板冷冻干燥法,制备出片层孔及圆孔的双孔型羟基磷灰石(hydroxyapatite,HA)支架,观察了支架的双孔形貌,分别研究HA浆料初始固含量和孔隙率、冷冻温度和孔径尺寸之间的关系.结果表明:当初始浆料固含量在20vol％ ～ 45vol％之间变化时,可以制得孔隙率在79％ ～ 54％的多孔陶瓷支架,孔的连通性较好,支架孔隙率随着浆料固含量的降低而升高;当冷冻温度分别为-20℃、-50℃、-80℃时,平均片层间距及圆形孔孔径尺寸分别为550～1000 μm,800 ～ 1000 μm;450 ～800 μm,550 ～750 μm;330 ～380μm,450 ～ 500 μm;支架的孔径尺寸随着冷冻温度的降低而减小,两种形貌孔道在孔壁上呈树枝状相连通,有利于细胞的攀附和生长.     

高岭土为助烧剂制备多孔陶瓷膜支撑体

陶瓷膜分离技术广泛应用于石油化工,食品加工,生物医学,催化过滤等领域。目前,陶瓷膜的多孔支撑体主要以氧化铝为原料。为保持较小的渗透阻力,通常使用大粒径氧化铝的,其煅烧时需要很高的温度,能耗很高,导致多孔支撑体的成本很高。为降低其制备成本,本文采用以刚玉粉(W40,平均粒径为40μm)为主要原料,以高岭土,滑石等为塑性剂和助烧剂,研究了助烧剂含量、烧结温度对多孔陶瓷支撑体的抗折强度,孔隙率以及平均孔径的影响。实验结果表明:高岭土含量的增加会导致多孔陶瓷的孔径降低和抗折强度降低;加少量的烧滑石能明显降低多孔陶瓷的烧结温度;90wt%W40粉,2wt%烧滑石,8wt%高岭土,经1510℃煅烧2h后得到的多孔陶瓷的抗折强度为153.6MPa,孔隙率为29%,平均孔径为6.6μm。所得多孔陶瓷适于用作多孔陶瓷膜支撑体。     

煤气化残渣基多孔陶瓷的制备研究

为拓展煤气化残渣综合利用途径,提高煤气化渣的附加值,以工业固体废弃物煤气化残渣为主要原料,采用模压成型工艺,在较低温度下烧结制备了煤气化残渣基多孔陶瓷,着重研究了不同烧结温度对多孔陶瓷的机械性能、物相结构、孔隙率以及N_2通量的影响。结果表明,多孔陶瓷烧结物相主要以莫来石相和石英相为主,反应烧结是主要的烧结过程机制。烧结温度为1 100℃时,煤气化残渣基多孔陶瓷性能最优,孔隙率为49.2%,平均孔径为5.96μm,0.01 MPa压力下平均N2通量达到2 452.6 m~3/(m~2·h),抗弯强度达到8.96 MPa。制备的煤气化残渣基多孔陶瓷具有高强度、高通量以及低成本的优异性能,有望用于高温气体过滤以及污水处理,解决煤气化残渣的环境污染问题。     

不同铝源对SiC/堇青石复相多孔陶瓷的制备及性能影响

以碳化硅、氮化铝、层析氧化铝、氢氧化铝、氟化铝、滑石为主要原料,石墨为造孔剂通过原位反应烧结技术制备碳化硅/堇青石复相多孔陶瓷.研究了含铝化合物种类、烧结温度、石墨含量对SiC/堇青石复相多孔陶瓷相组成、微观结构、气孔率和抗折强度的影响,同时对S0组在1200℃烧结温度下制得的SiC/堇青石复合多孔陶瓷的孔径分布进行了测试分析.结果表明:以AlN为铝源在1200℃下烧结,石墨含量在15％时,堇青石结合SiC多孔陶瓷的抗弯强度和气孔率两项综合性能达到最优,气孔率为31.99％,相应的弯曲强度86.20 MPa.S0组的平均孔径大小在3.0191 μm.     

多孔碳化硅陶瓷的原位氧化反应制备及其性能

以SiC为陶瓷骨料,Al2O3作为添加剂,通过原位氧化反应制备了Sic多孔陶瓷,并对其氧化反应特性及性能进行了研究.结果表明:在1 300～1 500℃,随烧结温度的升高,SiC的氧化程度增加,SiC多孔陶瓷的强度逐渐增加,但开口孔隙率有所降低.莫来石相在1 500℃开始生成·当烧结温度升高到1 550℃时,莫来石大量生成,得到了孔结构相互贯通且颈部发育良好的莫来石结合SiC多孔陶瓷;由于在SiC颗粒表面上覆盖了致密的莫来石层,SiC的氧化受到抑制,开口孔隙率因而升高,SiC多孔陶瓷的强度因莫来石的大量生成而增加.由平均粒径为5.0um的SiC,并添加20%(质量分数)Al2O3,经1 550℃烧结2h制备的SiC多孔陶瓷具有良好的性能,其抗弯强度为158.7MPa、开口孔隙率为27.7%.     

堇青石多孔陶瓷的制备与性能表征

以粉煤灰和碱式碳酸镁为主要原料制得了堇青石多孔陶瓷材料.烧结温度在1 100～1 350℃时,样品的弯曲强度由50 MPa增加至65 MPa,热膨胀系数由8.07×10-6℃-1下降至4.21×10-6℃-1.优化的烧结工艺为1 300℃保温4 h.样品的孔隙率和孔径随原料中淀粉含量的增加而增加.在原料中添加40%(质量分数)的造孔剂(淀粉)可使样品的孔隙率、平均孔径为和氮气通量分别达到41.7%,2.35μm和0.225 m·h-1Pa-1.     

高温烟气过滤SiC多孔陶瓷孔隙率及烧结工艺研究

主要研究了碳化硅多孔陶瓷孔隙率的影响因素以及烧结工艺对碳化硅多孔陶瓷材料性能的影响。碳化硅多孔陶瓷孔隙率的大小直接影响其烟气的过滤效率,通过研究碳化硅骨料的粒径,碳化硅的含量以及造孔剂含量对孔隙率和孔径大小的影响因素,实现了对碳化硅多孔陶瓷的孔隙率大小的有效控制。同时对碳化硅多孔陶瓷的烧结工艺中的烧成气氛和烧成温度进行了研究,研究发现,在弱氧化气氛下,烧成温度为1330℃时制备的碳化硅多孔陶瓷具有较高的孔隙率和较为优异的力学性能。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Novel polyurethane coating technology through glycidyl carbamate chemistry

Glycidyl carbamate chemistry combines the excellent properties of polyurethanes with the crosslinking chemistry of epoxy resins. Glycidyl carbamate functional oligomers were synthesized by the reaction of polyfunctional isocyanate oligomers and glycidol. The oligomers were formulated into coatings with several amine functional crosslinkers at varying stoichiometric ratios and cured at different temperatures. Properties such as solvent resistance, hardness, and impact resistance were dependent on the composition and cure conditions. Most coatings had an excellent combination of properties. Studies were carried out to determine the kinetics of the curing reaction of the glycidyl carbamate functional oligomers with multifunctional and model amines. Detailed kinetic analysis of the curing reactions was also undertaken. The results indicated that the glycidyl carbamate functional group is more reactive than a glycidyl ether group. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, on October 27–29, 2004, in Chicago, IL.     

Highly moisture-proof polysilsesquioxane coating prepared via facile sol-gel process

A highly moisture-proof polysilsesquioxane coating was obtained from a new bis-silylated precursor, which was synthesized from 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES) and m-xylylene diisocyanate (m-XDI) in tetrahydrofuran (THF) and verified by ¹H MAS NMR. For direct comparison purposes, an SiO₂ coating was also prepared by the Stöber method using tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) as the reactant. Interestingly, the coating obtained from the polysilsesquioxane sol exhibited a much higher moisture resistance capability than its counterpart, which was attributed to its more compact feature between nanoparticles as characterized by N₂ absorption experiment and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Furthermore, its high transparency of about 92% showed potential for application in the protection of optical crystals.