模具钢SKD11强流脉冲电子束表面处理的形貌研究

利用强流脉冲电子束不同工艺参数对模具钢SKD11进行表面处理,发现处理表面出现典型的熔坑形貌。通过金相显微镜、电子探针成分分析、三维形貌轮廓仪对处理样品表面进行分析,模具钢SKD11亚表层碳化物的喷发是熔坑形成的主要原因。熔坑的分布情况与电子束处理工艺参数密切相关。在相同加速电压下,熔坑面密度随脉冲处理次数的增加而减少,而熔坑平均尺寸呈现先随脉冲次数增加到最大值而后减小的趋势;对于相同处理次数时,使用高加速电压的样品表面形成的熔坑面密度较低,而且要比低电压更快地进入到平稳阶段。表面粗糙度呈现随着脉冲次数的增加而降低的现象。     

Research State of High Current Pulsed Electron Beam Surface Treatment

强流脉冲电子束(HCPEB)表面处理是一种新兴的高能束表面处理技术.综述了脉冲电子束处理,表面熔坑的形成机制及熔坑、弥散颗粒、裂纹、波状起伏、条形纹理、胞状晶等典型形貌影响因素和演变规律方面的研究成果,总结了表层结构变化与表面显微硬度、耐磨性、耐蚀性能等改性工艺的研究现状,并认为扩大强流脉冲电子束应用范围和系统的探究是目前研究的重点.     

HCPEB表面处理的研究现状

强流脉冲电子束(HCPEB)表面处理是一种新兴的高能束表面处理技术.综述了脉冲电子束处理,表面熔坑的形成机制及熔坑、弥散颗粒、裂纹、波状起伏、条形纹理、胞状晶等典型形貌影响因素和演变规律方面的研究成果,总结了表层结构变化与表面显微硬度、耐磨性、耐蚀性能等改性工艺的研究现状,并认为扩大强流脉冲电子束应用范围和系统的探究是目前研究的重点.     

HCPEB表面处理的研究现状

强流脉冲电子束(HCPEB)表面处理是一种新兴的高能束表面处理技术.综述了脉冲电子束处理,表面熔坑的形成机制及熔坑、弥散颗粒、裂纹、渡状起伏、条形纹理、胞状晶等典型形貌影响因素和演变规律方面的研究成果,总结了表层结构变化与表面显微硬度、耐磨性、耐蚀性能等改性工艺的研究现状,并认为扩大强流脉冲电子束应用范围和系统的探究是目前研究的重点.     

强流脉冲电子束表面改性镍基合金的研究

DZ22合金因其优良的高温性能被广泛的应用于高温热端构件。为了进一步提高DZ22合金表面性能,使用强流脉冲电子束对其表面进行轰击。本文主要讨论温度场模拟及微观组织状态。采用abaqus模拟软件对轰击时DZ22镍基合金表面的温度场进行模拟。模拟结果表明,轰击时试样表面在0.68μs时达到轰击时表面的最高温度1629℃,超过DZ22镍基高温合金熔点。利用激光共聚焦显微镜对轰击前后合金表面形貌进行观测,实验结果显示,轰击后试样表面产生熔坑形貌。利用X射线衍射仪对轰击前后合金表面组织结构进行分析,实验表明,轰击使合金表面应力状态与晶粒的生长方向发生改变。结果表明,轰击使得DZ22合金表面出现熔坑形貌且改变其晶粒方向。     

碳素钢强流脉冲电子束处理后的表面火山口状凹坑研究

利用强流脉冲电子束(HCPEB)技术对碳素钢进行了表面改性处理.利用扫描电镜(SEM)和X射线衍射(XRD)对改性试样的表面性质进行了分析,结果表明:样品表面出现了"火山坑"状的凹坑,淬火态T8凹坑数量比45#钢少,凹坑深度比45#钢深.凹坑的密度与输入的能量密度成正比关系;此外,凹坑的分布密度先随轰击次数(n=1～5)的增加而增加,随后(n=6～10)略有降低;分析表明凹坑的形成及分布与位错密度密切相关.     

镁合金强流脉冲电子束表面改性

选用变形镁合金AZ31和铸造镁合金AZ91HP作为研究对象,进行强流脉冲电子束表面处理研究,这种处理能够有效地提高镁合金的抗蚀性和达到表面强化效果.处理后样品表面呈起伏形貌,出现典型熔坑,重熔层4 μm～10μm,导致表面出现塑性变形,主要是孪晶形式.由于镁的蒸发和第二相Mg17Al12熔化,表面形成铝的过饱和固溶体.性能测试主要是摩擦磨损和抗腐蚀性能测试.近表层几百微米范围内均出现显微硬度值升高的现象,改性样品平均摩擦系数降低,耐磨性提高.处理后样品在5%NaCl溶液中抗腐蚀性能有显著提高,镁合金强流脉冲电子束处理后,铝固溶度增加,表面易于形成致密的氧化膜,动电位极化曲线测量结果显示极化电阻增大,自腐蚀电流降低,最大可降低三个数量级,极化电阻与之相反.     

强流脉冲离子束轰击对钛合金表面的损伤研究

为了研究强流脉冲离子束(IPIB)辐照在钛合金表面造成的损伤效应,利用IPIB在低、中、高三种能流密度下对钛合金表面进行了轰击。通过金相显微镜和扫描电子显微镜对离子束诱发的表面形貌进行了分析。结果表明,当能量密度为1.44 J/cm2时,5次脉冲轰击,靶材表面开始形成大量的熔坑。能量密度为4.5 J/cm2,10次脉冲辐照,表面出现大量较深的微裂纹,其形态分布与材料本身的缺陷密切相关。IPIB轰击能够诱发表层强烈的塑性变形;多次脉冲轰击,变形区域表面形成分布均匀,尺寸约为1μm的微孔洞形貌。微孔洞成分的线扫描结果显示,孔洞内部C,O和Si等杂质轻元素含量发生改变,β相稳定元素Mo含量基本保持不变。     

AM50镁合金强流脉冲电子束表面改性的研究

采用强流脉冲电子束（HCPEB）对含稀土的AM50镁合金进行表面改性处理。利用金相显微镜、扫描电镜和显微硬度计等对试样的截面和表面进行观察,研究了强流脉冲电子束表面改性对其摩擦磨损性能及耐腐蚀性能的影响。结果表明：处理层的截面组织经脉冲电子柬轰击后发生了很大的变化;从表面形貌可以看出存在许多弥散分布的微米尺度的熔坑;显微硬度测试结果表明,处理层的硬度比基体的硬度明显提高;耐磨性及耐腐蚀性能均较基体提高,同时在不同处理参数下耐磨性及耐腐蚀性能有所不同。     

强流脉冲离子束辐照对DZ4镍基高温合金表面结构和性能的影响

利用强流脉冲离子束(HIPIB)辐照DZ4镍基高温合金表面,离子束的加速电压为250 kV,脉冲宽度为70ns,束流密度为100A/cm2,脉冲次数分别为2,5,10和15次.根据扫描电镜分析得出,脉冲次数少时(2次和5次)离子束辐照后DZ4合金的表面出现熔坑,随着辐照次数的增加,表面的熔坑数量减少,多次脉冲(10次和15次)处理后,表面熔坑基本消失,表面变得平整;并且在近表层大约1μm～2 μm范围内晶粒细化.X射线衍射分析显示离子束处理后表面层存在压应力.HIPIB辐照处理使DZ4合金的表面在200 μm的范围内硬度有提高,同时其耐腐蚀和耐磨性能有明显提高.     

The effect of pre-deformation on grain boundary non-equilibrium segregation during recrystallization in f.c.c alloy

By means of the particle tracking autoradiography (PTA) technique, optical and electron microscopy, the non-equilibrium segregation of boron at moving boundary during recrystallization in Fe-30%Ni alloy was investigated. The influence of pre-deformation on the segregation was analysed. The results indicated that there was a abnormal boron segregation at the moving boundaries of the new grain during recrystallization. Its intensity was depended on the pre-deformation degree and the moving speed of the boundary. The TEM result showed that the dislocation density in front of moving boundary obviously increase. The phenomena are discussed in terms of the widening grain boundary mechanism.     

Effects of annealing on the damage morphologies in BF 2 + ion implanted (1 0 0) silicon

The effects of annealing on the damage morphologies and impurity redistributions in BF ₂ ⁺ ion implanted (1 0 0) silicon were studied using secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and Rutherford backscattering (RBS) ion beam channelling technique. An amorphized silicon layer and a heavily-damaged crystal layer containing a high density of point-defect clusters, are formed on the silicon wafer by the ion implantation. SIMS depth profiles of both boron and fluorine are almost Gaussian distribution. Both furnace annealing and rapid thermal annealing cause recrystallization of the amorphized layer and formation of dislocation loop bands out of the point defects. SIMS depth profiles for both impurities show anomalous double peaks at the same depths. These facts suggest that the primary peak is due to the peak of the Gaussian distribution and the secondary peak due to the gettering effects of residual dislocation loop band.     

Deformed microstructure evolution in AM60B Mg alloy under hypervelocity impact at a velocity of 5 km s

Deformed microstructure in AM60B Mg alloy under hypervelocity impact at a velocity of 5 km s⁻¹ were investigated through optical microscope, scanning electron microscope and transmission electron microscope. The results show that four deformed zones around the crater can be classified based on the different deformed microstructure, including ultrafine grain zone, ultrafine grain and deformation twin zone, high and low density deformation twin zones. The dislocation slipping, deformation twins and ultrafine grains are the dominant components in the four deformed zones, and the evolution of deformed microstructure is speculated based on the deformed microstructure observed in four zones. Slipping and twinning play a critical role for the formation of the dynamic recrystallized grains, and twinning-induced rotational dynamic recrystallization mechanism is thought to be the main mechanism for the formation of ultrafine grains. The microhardness and dynamic compressive strength in different deformed zones were measured, and the high microhardness and yield strength in ultrafine grain zone should be attributed to the strain hardening and grain refining.     

Physics of deformation and fracture at impact loading and penetration

The structure, dislocation substructure, and mechanical properties of the targets made of four aluminum alloys after a impact loading by kinetic energy projectile have been investigated. The formula for approximation of the ballistic limit velocity by indentation technique is proposed. It has been shown that the maximum nonequiaxiality of the grain shape, increase of dislocation density, and decrease of dislocation cell size correspond to the 40–70% of plastic deformation at static compression for the investigated aluminum alloys.     

激光冲击强化对300M钢微观组织和力学性能的影响

采用激光冲击强化(LSP)技术在300M钢表层制备梯度纳米结构,并借助三维表面形貌仪、扫描电镜(SEM)、透射电镜(TEM)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)、纳米压痕仪及拉伸试验机对300M钢不同脉冲能量LSP处理后的微观组织演变和力学性能变化进行表征。结果表明,300M钢经LSP处理后表层形成梯度纳米结构,随着脉冲能量的增加,表层晶粒尺寸从15 nm(3J)细化至10 nm(7J)左右,晶粒出现非晶化;同时,次表层组织中形成了大量位错缠结及形变孪晶等亚结构缺陷,且随着脉冲能量的增加位错密度急剧增高,同时形变孪晶数量也随之增多。LSP后300M钢表层纳米压痕硬度得到显著提高,且随着脉冲能量的增加而增加;强度和塑性得到一定程度的改善,断口形貌由典型的韧性断裂转变为韧-脆混合型断裂。     

Al-Zn-Mg-Cu-Sc合金中剪切带形成与演化机理研究

Al-Zn-Mg-Cu合金是超高强难变形合金,加工过程中易产生大的剪切带和裂纹等缺陷.制备了一种含钪Al-Zn-Mg-Cu合金,研究了该合金在热轧和热处理过程中宏观剪切带和轧制裂纹的形成与扩展规律.采用光学显微镜、扫描电镜、透视电镜和能谱分析对该合金热轧时产生变形局部化的力学条件和微观结构进行了深入分析.结果表明:在非均匀变形条件下,变形局部化导致局部变形区应变大和应变率高是产生剪切带和轧制裂纹的原因,与合金基体中组织和成分的不均匀性有关.在高温固溶条件下剪切带内发生了再结晶.     

Structural Characteristics of Rapidly Quenched Al-Si Alloys

The structure of rapldly quenched Al-Si alloys (1 and 4 wt-%Si) was systematically studied by optical and transmission electron microscopy (TEM ) as welI as X-ray djffractjon (XRD). ExperimentaIresults show that rapid solidification refines the grain size. extends the solid solubility of Si in Al and Introduces a high density ot defects which exist in the forms of vacancies, dislocations and dislocation loops. etc.. The decomposition process of the alloys was fol lowed by using differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) and the activation energy for precipitation of Si was obtained through Kissinger analysis. The precipitation behaviour of Supersaturated Si in both samples was further examined by TEM. It was found that Si mainly precipitated inside the grains in Al-1 wt-%Si alloy. while in Al-4 wt-%Si alloy. nearly all the Si precipitates distributed along the grain boundaries. This may be due to the structure difference between the alloys in as-quenched state     

Titanium enrichment and strontium depletion near edge dislocation in strontium titanate [001]/(110) low-angle tilt grain boundary

Dislocations are linear lattice defects in a crystalline solid. Since the unusual atomistic environment of the dislocation may greatly influence various material properties, control of the composition would offer more opportunities to obtain unique one-dimensional structures. In the present study, we have characterized the structure of dislocations in a low-angle tilt grain boundary of strontium titanate (SrTiO₃). High-spatial resolution elemental mapping by electron energy loss spectroscopy combined with scanning transmission electron microscopy has enabled visualization of the enrichment of titanium (Ti) and the depletion of strontium (Sr) near the dislocation cores. The Ti enrichment and the Sr depletion have been observed at all of the dislocations, and the grain boundary is considered to be Ti excess. The extra Ti ions are located on the positions different from the normal perovskite lattice, suggesting that the local structure is largely reconstructed. It has been proposed that tensile strain at the dislocations may be a cause of the Ti enrichment.     

Mechanical properties and microstructural evolution of a Cu–Cr–Ag alloy during thermomechanical treatment

The microstructure and mechanical properties of a Cu–Cr–Ag alloy at the different processing stages were investigated using hardness measurements, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. The combined effects of dislocation strengthening and precipitation strengthening were shown to remarkably enhance the hardness of the alloy. Coherent Cr-rich precipitates with a face-centred cubic structure, formed during aging, were shown to be the main source of age strengthening, and the introduction of pre-deformation led to acceleration of their precipitation. Nevertheless, recovery occurring during aging caused significant softening in the cold-drawn samples. Analysis of the microstructural evolution during cold drawing and aging was used as an effective tool to optimise the thermomechanical process and improve the mechanical properties.     

X-ray diffraction study on a nanostructured 18Ni maraging steel prepared by equal-channel angular pressing

Starting from a hierarchically substructured, heavily dislocated, and highly alloyed martensitic structure, an 18Ni maraging steel was deformed by four passes of equal-channel angular pressing at ambient temperature. X-ray diffraction peak profile analyses according to the modified Williamson–Hall and Warren–Averbach methods were used for determination of apparent grain size, dislocation density, and character of the prevailing dislocations, aided by supplemental transmission electron microscopy. A mean grain size of about 60 nm was determined, corresponding reasonably to the mean dislocation cell size illustrated by means of transmission electron microscopy. Furthermore, a dislocation density of 1.3 × 10¹⁶ m⁻² along with an about 5:1 ratio of screw to edge type dislocations were identified. A dislocation arrangement parameter larger than unity was determined for the present deformed structure, representing a weak dipole character of the dislocation structure and weak screening action of the strain fields of multiple dislocations.