DG placement in radial distribution network by symbiotic organisms search algorithm for real power loss minimization

Incorporation of distributed generation (DG) in distribution network may reduce the network loss if DG of appropriate size is placed at proper strategic location. The current article presents determination of optimal size and location of DG in radial distribution network (RDN) for the reduction of network loss considering deterministic load demand and DG generation using symbiotic organisms search (SOS) algorithm. SOS algorithm is a meta-heuristic technique, inspired by the symbiotic relationship between different biological species. In this paper, optimal size and location of DG are obtained for two different RDNs (such as, 33-bus and 69-bus distribution networks). The obtained results, using the proposed SOS, are compared to the results offered by some other optimization algorithms like particle swarm optimization, teaching-learning based optimization, cuckoo search, artificial bee colony, gravitational search algorithm and stochastic fractal search. The comparison is done based on minimum loss of the distribution network as well as based on the convergence mobility of the fitness function offered by each of the comparative algorithms for both the networks under consideration. It is established that the proposed SOS algorithm offers better result as compared to other optimization algorithms under consideration. The results are also compared to the existing solution available in the literature.     

Krill herd algorithm for optimal location of distributed generator in radial distribution system

Distributed generator (DG) is recognized as a viable solution for controlling line losses, bus voltage, voltage stability, etc. and represents a new era for distribution systems. This paper focuses on developing an approach for placement of DG in order to minimize the active power loss and energy loss of distribution lines while maintaining bus voltage and voltage stability index within specified limits of a given power system. The optimization is carried out on the basis of optimal location and optimal size of DG. This paper developed a new, efficient and novel krill herd algorithm (KHA) method for solving the optimal DG allocation problem of distribution networks. To test the feasibility and effectiveness, the proposed KH algorithm is tested on standard 33-bus, 69-bus and 118-bus radial distribution networks. The simulation results indicate that installing DG in the optimal location can significantly reduce the power loss of distributed power system. Moreover, the numerical results, compared with other stochastic search algorithms like genetic algorithm (GA), particle swarm optimization (PSO), combined GA and PSO (GA/PSO) and loss sensitivity factor simulated annealing (LSFSA), show that KHA could find better quality solutions.     

Study impact of various load models on DG placement and sizing using backtracking search algorithm

In this article, a meta-heuristic technique based on a backtracking search algorithm (BSA) is employed to produce solutions to ascertain distributed generators (DGs). The objective is established to reduce power loss and improve network voltage profile in radial distribution networks by determining optimal locations and sizes of the DGs. Power loss indices and bus voltages are engaged to explore the initial placement of DG installations. The study cares with the DG type injects active and reactive power. The proposed methodology takes into consideration four load models, and their impacts are addressed. The proposed BSA-based methodology is verified on two different test networks with different load models and the simulation results are compared to those reported in the recent literature. The study finds that the constant power load model among various load models is sufficed and viable to allocate DGs for network loss and voltage studies. The simulation results reveal the efficacy and robustness of the BSA in finding the optimal solution of DGs allocation.     

Efficient optimization technique for multiple DG allocation in distribution networks

In the last few decades, interest in the integration of Distributed Generators (DGs) into distribution networks has been increased due to their benefits such as enhance power system reliability, reduce the power losses and improve the voltage profile. These benefits can be increased by determining the optimal DGs allocation (location and size) into distribution networks. This paper proposes an efficient optimization technique to optimally allocate the multiple DG units in distribution networks. This technique is based on Sine Cosine Algorithm (SCA) and chaos map theory. As any random search-based optimization algorithm, SCA faces some issues such as low convergence rate and trapping in local solutions during the exploration and exploitation phases. This issue can be addressed by developing Chaotic SCA (CSCA). CSCA is mainly based on the iterative chaotic map which used to update the random parameters of SCA instead of using the random probability distribution. The iterative chaotic map is applied for single and multi-objective SCA. The proposed technique is validated using two stranded IEEE radial distribution feeders; 33 and 69-nodes. Comprehensive comparison among the proposed technique, the original SCA, and other competitive optimization techniques are carried out to prove the effectiveness of CSCA. Finally, a complete study is performed to address the impact of the intermittent nature of renewable energy resource on the distribution system. Hence, typical loads and generation (represented in PV power) profiles are applied. The result proves that the CSCA is more efficient to solve the optimal multiple DGs allocation with minimum power loss and high convergence rate.     

基于改进多目标粒子群算法的DG选址定容优化研究

为研究分布式电源接入位置和容量对配电网安全稳定运行的影响,文中构建了静态电压稳定指标,设置了不同的方案进行仿真,仿真结果证明了DG容量和接入位置对配网有重要影响,同时有效验证了模型的有效性。然后,为减少DG的容量和位置不合理规划造成不利影响,文中建立了以综合成本、网损和电压稳定裕度为目标函数的模型,采用基于小生境的改进多目标粒子群优化算法对模型进行求解。通过算例仿真,求解多目标Pareto解。在实际决策过程中,规划人员可根据不同偏好或实际需求从Pareto最优解集中选择合适的最优解,实现DG的多目标最优选址定容,为分布式电源的经济可靠接入配电网提供重要的指导意义。     

Optimal Placement and Sizing of Distributed Generation Using Metaheuristic Algorithm

Power loss and voltage uncertainty are the major issues prevalently faced in the design of distribution systems. But such issues can be resolved through effective usage of networking reconfiguration that has a combination of Distributed Generation (DG) units from distribution networks. In this point of view, optimal placement and sizing of DGs are effective ways to boost the performance of power systems. The optimum allocation of DGs resolves various problems namely, power loss, voltage profile improvement, enhanced reliability, system stability, and performance. Several research works have been conducted to address the distribution system problems in terms of power loss, energy loss, voltage profile, and voltage stability depending upon optimal DG distribution. With this motivation, the current study designs a Chaotic Artificial Flora Optimization based on Optimal Placement and Sizing of DGs (CAFO-OPSDG) to enhance the voltage profiles and mitigate the power loss. Besides, the CAFO algorithm is derived from the incorporation of chaos theory concept into conventional artificial flora optimization AFO algorithm with an aim to enhance the global optimization abilities. The fitness function of CAFO-OPSDG algorithm involves voltage regulation, power loss minimization, and penalty cost. To consider the actual power system scenario, the penalty factor acts as an important element not only to minimize the total power loss but to increase the voltage profiles as well. The experimental validation of the CAFO-OPSDG algorithm was conducted against IEEE 33 Bus system and IEEE 69 Bus system. The outcomes were examined under various test scenarios. The results of the experiment established that the presented CAFO-OPSDG model is effective in terms of reducing the power loss and voltage deviation and boost-up the voltage profile for the specified system.     

基于差分进化算法的分布式电源DG规划设计

分布式电源(DG)是一种可以与环境兼容,利用清洁能源发电,可以满足用户对电量的特殊需求的发电装置。因此,将分布式电源接入电网,不仅可以保证电网的运行安全,提高供电可靠性,还可以将多余的电力反馈给电网。分布式发电接入配电网后,不一定能降低配电系统的网损,提高电网的稳定性,还有可能会因为并网的规划方案设计的不够好反而对电网造成不利影响,因此,分布式电源接入配电网的规划尤为重要。在分布式发电的并网规划中,最重要的是选择分布式发电的接入位置和容量。因此,本文选择具有结构简单、执行方便、优化效率高、参数设置简单、鲁棒性好等优点的差分算法,通过建立系统,并用Matlab进行了仿真,选择其最佳位置,计算出最优容量,并得到最优目标函数,来达到最佳的规划设计。     

基于混合算法的含分布式电源的配电网优化

考虑到分布式电源的选址与定容对配电网有着重要影响意义,针对分布式电源的接入对配电网系统能量损耗和各节点电压影响的问题,首先建立了以有功功率损耗和系统节点电压的目标函数优化模型,提出了充分整合引力搜索算法(GSA)的勘探能力和粒子群(PSO)的开采能力的混合算法(PSOG-SA),同时确定权重系数,最后采用IEEE-33标准节点配电网模型进行了仿真实验,通过和其他两种算法的比较,验证了配电网系统在该算法下的有效性和可靠性.算例分析表明,合理的DG接入能够一定程度上降低系统有功功率损耗,改善节点电压.     

A combined neurodynamic approach to optimize the real-time price-based demand response management problem using mixed zero-one programming

This paper presents a microgrid system model considering three types of load and the user’s satisfaction function. The objective function with mixed zero-one programming is used to maximize every user’s profit and satisfaction in the way of the demand response management under real-time price. An energy function is used to transform the constrained problem into an unconstrained problem, and two neural networks are used to find the local optimal solutions of the objective function with different rates of convergence. A neurodynamic approach is used to combine the neural networks with the particle swarm optimization to find the global optimal solution of the objective function. The simulation results show that the combined approach is effective in solving the optimal problem.

     

基于改进遗传算法的分布式电源并网优化配置

随着国家电网对分布式电源并网市场的开放,将分布式电源集成到现有配电系统是今后电力系统的发展趋势。以配电网网损和节点电压偏移最小化为优化目标,考虑支路电流约束、分布式发电单元容量和总接入容量等约束条件,构建大规模分布式电源并网优化配置模型。并提出基于均匀设计的改进遗传算法进行寻优计算,避免了遗传算子的盲目试凑,可以较好地兼顾多目标优化Pareto解集的多样性与快速性,有效提高优化精度。算例对比分析结果表明,通过对分布式电源接入配电网的合理优化配置,可以有效降低系统网损,提高配电网电压的稳定性。     

Optimal position and rating of DG in distribution networks by ABC–CS from load flow solutions illustrated by fuzzy-PSO

In this work, load flow problems of both radial distribution networks (RDNs) and mesh distribution networks (MDNs) have been solved using hybrid fuzzy-PSO algorithm. A new voltage stability index (VSI) is also indicated. Based on the suggested load flow, distributed generation (DG) is ready to conduct through the requirement; and with the support of inserting the optimal-sized DG unit in an exact way, the distribution system’s stability is also studied. The exact position of each DG unit has been computed using “loss sensitivity analysis,” whereas the optimal sizing of each DG unit has been done with the help of hybrid artificial bee colony and Cuckoo search algorithm. The suggested method is tested in the regular 33-node and 69-node RDNs as well as in 85-node and 119-node MDNs. The transcendence of the proposed operation has been centered with the aid of comparison to the other existing methods. The suggested VSI is also correlated with other two existing VSIs before and after placement of DG unit(s).

     

A new method for optimal location and sizing of capacitors in distorted distribution networks using PSO algorithm

This paper presents an optimization algorithm for simultaneous improvement of power quality (PQ), optimal placement and sizing of fixed capacitor banks in radial distribution networks in the presence of voltage and current harmonics. The algorithm is based on particle swarm optimization (PSO). The objective function includes the cost of power losses, energy losses and those of the capacitor banks. Constraints include voltage limits, number/size of installed capacitors at each bus, and PQ limits of standard IEEE-519. Using a newly proposed fitness function, a suitable combination of the objective function and relevant constraints is defined as a criterion to select a set of the most suitable buses for capacitor placement. This method is also capable of improving particles in several steps for both converging more readily to the near global solution as well as improving satisfaction of the power quality constraints. Simulation results for the 18-bus and 33-bus IEEE distorted networks using the proposed method are presented and compared with those of previous works. In the 18-bus IEEE distorted network, this indicated an improvement of 3.29% saving compared with other methods. Using the proposed optimization method and simulation performed on the 33-bus IEEE distorted network an annual cost reduction of 31.16% was obtained.     

无线多媒体传感器网络能量均衡的QoS路由算法

为保障能量受限的无线多媒体传感器网络(WMSNs)多服务质量(QoS)需求,提出了一种能量均衡的QoS路由(EBQR)算法。该算法通过蚁群优化将网络带宽、时延、丢包率和能量等因素作为目标函数,并根据函数值大小动态调整蚁群信息素的挥发系数和浓度增量,提供网络业务中满足不同QoS需求的最优路径。仿真结果表明:与AntWMSNs算法和ASAR算法相比,EBQR算法平均端到端时延降低了16%,丢包率减少22%,生命周期延长了近50%,有效实现了网络中节点能耗的均衡性。     

基于双向长短时记忆网络的并网微电网能量供需平衡优化

为保证并网微电网的稳定运行,针对微电网负荷波动较大,稳定性较差的问题,提出基于双向长短时记忆网络的并网微电网能量供需平衡优化方法。该方法通过双向长短时记忆网络划分并网微电网中的负荷类别,并引入注意力机制优化分类结果,获取并网微电网中的可控负荷结果;结合该结果和储能系统的能量损失情况、风光综合功率波动水平,构建目标函数并确定约束条件,采用改进帝国竞争算法求解目标函数,获取保证获取全局负荷调度最佳结果,实现并网微电网能量供需平衡优化。测试结果显示：该方法能够有效调度并网微电网中负荷,调整并网微电网供需侧有功和无功功率的结果,使其在±0.50kvar内范围波动,优化后满足微电网中的而负荷需求;保证微电网的稳定运行。     

基于矩阵算法的主动配电网交直流混合网络供电恢复策略研究

考虑到直流输电技术的发展,直流配电应用于配电网中是未来配电网的研究重点。本文为解决主动配电网交直流混合网络的供电恢复问题,提出含直流配电线路的主动配电网供电恢复方案,当交流配电线路出现故障时,考虑直流侧配电线路网损、换流器以及分布式电源影响下的供电恢复方案;当直流配电线路出现故障时,考虑转换直流侧运行方式或让失电的直流负荷转入计划孤岛运行模式,以保证直流侧重要负荷的持续供电,分别提出交流侧和直流侧约束条件,并在约束条件下选取网络损耗、线路末端电压越限节点个数以及开关操作次数作为指标构建目标函数,依据矩阵算法对供电恢复过程的不同恢复方案进行大数据分析与处理,得出最优方案。通过改进的IEEE 123节点算例证明,提出的方案能够有效的解决主动配电网的供电恢复问题。     

Adaptive and Dynamic Ant Colony Search Algorithm for Optimal Distribution Systems Reinforcement Strategy

The metaheuristic technique of Ant Colony Search has been revised here in order to deal with dynamic search optimization problems having a large search space and mixed integer variables. The problem to which it has been applied is an electrical distribution systems management problem. This kind of issues is indeed getting increasingly complicated due to the introduction of new energy trading strategies, new environmental constraints and new technologies. In particular, in this paper, the problem of finding the optimal reinforcement strategy to provide reliable and economic service to customers in a given time frame is investigated. Utilities indeed need efficient software tools to take decisions in this new complex scenario. In past times, utilities project the load growth for several years and then estimate when the capacity limit will be exceeded. Designers then consider some feasible alternatives and select the optimal one in terms of performance and costs. In this paper, the Distributed Generation, DG, technology considered in compound solutions with the installation of feeder and substations is viewed as a new option for solving distribution systems capacity problems, along several years. The objective to be minimized is therefore the overall cost of distribution systems reinforcement strategy in a given timeframe. An application on a medium size network is carried out using the proposed technique that allows the identification of optimal paths in extremely large or non-finite spaces. The proposed algorithm uses an adaptive parameter in order to push exploration or exploitation as the search procedure stops in a local minimum. The algorithm allows the easy investigation of these kinds of complex problems, and allows to make useful comparisons as the intervention strategy and type of DG sources vary.     

基于典型气象年和制氧可时移负荷的独立微电网容量优化配置

微电网电源容量的优化配置是微电网规划和建设初期的关键步骤。这需要根据建设地点的气象数据、地理位置和负荷需求,在满足经济性和可靠性的前提下,合理地配置微电网的电源容量。本文以高原地区的某独立微电网为研究对象,提出了一种基于典型气象年和制氧可时移负荷的独立微电网电源容量配置优化方法。算法综合考虑了可再生能源装机容量比、供电可靠性和供氧可靠性等多种约束条件,以微电网全寿命周期内年平均成本最小为目标函数,并采用遗传算法求解这个优化配置模型。本文对不同方案下的配置结果进行了分析,验证了所提方法的可行性。该研究为独立微电网的规划和建设提供了参考,有助于实现能源的高效利用和经济性,同时也提高了供电和供氧的可靠性。     

Optimal reactive power dispatch with uncertainties in load demand and renewable energy sources adopting scenario-based approach

Optimizing reactive power flow in electrical network is an important aspect of system study as the reactive power supports network voltage which needs to be maintained within desirable limits for system reliability. A network consisting of only conventional thermal generators has been extensively studied for optimal active and reactive power dispatch. However, increasing penetration of renewable sources into the grid necessitates power flow studies incorporating these sources. This paper presents a formulation and solution procedure for stochastic optimal reactive power dispatch (ORPD) problem with uncertainties in load demand, wind and solar power. Appropriate probability density functions (PDFs) are considered to model the stochastic load demand and the power generated from the renewable energy sources. Numerous scenarios are created running Monte-Carlo simulation and scenario reduction technique is implemented to deal with reduced number of scenarios. Real power loss and steady state voltage deviation of load buses in the network are set as the objectives of optimization. Success history based adaptive differential evolution (SHADE) is adopted as the basic search algorithm. SHADE has been successfully integrated with a constraint handling technique, called epsilon constraint (EC) handling, to handle constraints in ORPD problem. The effectiveness of a proper constraint handling technique is substantiated with case studies for deterministic ORPD on base configurations of IEEE 30-bus and 57-bus systems using SHADE-EC algorithm. The single-objective and multi-objective stochastic ORPD cases are also solved using the SHADE-EC algorithm. The results are discussed, compared and critically analyzed in this study.     

分布式电源对配网的影响分析研究综述

随着传统化石能源的日渐枯竭,新能源需求十分迫切。基于新能源及可再生能源的分布式电源（DG）不仅可以作为传统供电模式的重要补充,还将在能源综合利用上占有重要地位。大力发展以以分布式利用为主的新能源,符合国家能源战略。但随着DG在电力系统中所占比例越来越大,对传统的电力系统安全稳定提出了挑战。为研究分布式电源并网对配网影响及改进措施,文中介绍了分布式电源的概念、分类及特点,论述了DG并网对配网的影响及改进的研究现状。从分布式电源并网后对配网规划、电能质量、继电保护等方面总结了DG并网对配网的影响及其改进措施。论述了含DG的配网故障后的孤岛问题及微网的相关研究。展望了未来DG在电网中高比例发展高情况下的研究方向     

A tool for voltage stability and optimization (VS&OP) in radial distribution systems using matlab graphical user interface (GUI)

This paper describes a software package whose purpose is to provide a tool to be used for identifying the closeness of the each bus and the critical bus which is the most sensitive to the voltage collapse in radial distribution networks. The package also facilitates two optimization algorithms to be used for the optimal placement of DG and shunt capacitors with their optimal size in distribution networks for power system studies. It uses the graphical user interface (GUI) capabilities of Matlab and is called voltage stability and optimization (VS&OP) Package. It is available at http://www.gyte.edu.tr/Dosya/102/power/ and can freely be downloaded.