高效厌氧反应器处理中药提取废水中试研究

应用新型高效厌氧反应器处理中药提取废水。从有机物去除率、产气效率及颗粒污泥增殖等方面评估了系统的运行效果。结果表明,经过2个多月的启动运行,该系统的COD去除率平均达到98%以上,出水COD500 mg/L,COD容积负荷高达25 kg/(m~3·d),甲烷产率为0.31 L/g COD。水力停留时间为12~24 h,系统运行稳定,抗冲击负荷能力较强。启动过程中,颗粒污泥粒径增大到1.8~2.5 mm。     

常温处理焦化废水EGSB反应器的启动

实验考察了膨胀颗粒污泥床(EGSB)反应器处理焦化废水的启动运行特点。先以COD为500～2 000mg/L的啤酒废水培养颗粒污泥,35 d的时间COD去除率达90%左右;再用焦化废水和啤酒废水的混合液驯化颗粒污泥,并逐步提高焦化废水所占的比例,约6个月的时间反应器对COD为2 000 mg/L左右的焦化废水的COD去除率稳定在55%,且颗粒污泥的性能良好,可以认为启动工作完成。     

低浓度焦化废水启动EGSB反应器试验对比研究

采用低浓度焦化废水对EGSB反应器分别在厌氧以及微氧条件下进行启动对比试验研究。试验结果表明,微量氧的加入,能够快速驯化EGSB反应器中的颗粒污泥,缩短EGSB反应器启动的时间。在焦化废水质量浓度为548mg/L~818mg/L,进水量为1.0L/h、有机负荷为1.1kgCOD/(m3·d)~1.6kgCOD/(m3·d)、回流比为22.25∶1.00,上升流速为3.0m/h的条件下,微氧反应器对COD的去除率达到85%以上,相对厌氧反应器的去除率提高了41%。污泥性质测定结果显示,2种条件下污泥浓度、颗粒化程度、颗粒污泥内部菌群有差异。     

改进型外循环厌氧反应器处理蓝藻启动与颗粒污泥特征

采用自行改进设计的外循环厌氧反应器处理太湖蓝藻,研究其快速启动过程中运行效能以及颗粒污泥微生物特性。实验结果表明:反应器采用“投加接种污泥、阶梯提高负荷连续运行、间歇搅拌”的启动运行方式,可以在35 d左右实现蓝藻成功处理。启动成功时,反应器对蓝藻化学需氧量(COD)去除率在85%左右,产气率在380 ml·(g COD)^-1左右,藻毒素的去除率达到92%;颗粒污泥中菌群以球菌、丝状菌为主,颗粒污泥内丰富的空穴为物质迁移和微生物降解提供通道。反应器启动成功后颗粒污泥中主要优势产甲烷古菌为Methanosphaera,Methanolinea,Thermogymnomonas,Methanoregula,Methanomethylovorans,Methanosaeta等;颗粒污泥中蛋白酶及辅酶F₄₂₀的活性较强。研究发现间歇搅拌装置及回流系统克服蓝藻在反应器中上浮结壳的弊端,同时加快反应器内传质效果,从而有助于反应器的快速启动。     

EGSB预处理奶牛养殖废水的效能研究

采用自制的厌氧颗粒污泥膨胀床(EGSB)反应器对奶牛养殖废水进行预处理实验,考察了EGSB反应器的启动及反应器稳定运行期间COD、氨氮的变化情况,研究了COD、水力停留时间(HRT)、上升流速(v_(up))、容积负荷等参数对反应器运行效果的影响,确定了反应器最佳运行条件。结果表明,EGSB反应器随着启动时间的增加,COD去除率不断提高,启动3个月后达到70%～75%,认为启动成功,进入稳定运行阶段;稳定运行35 d后,COD平均去除率为80%。对EGSB反应器的运行控制参数进行了优化,在温度35℃,进水COD为5 000 mg/L,水力停留时间16 h,上升流速2.2 m/h的最佳工况下,COD去除率为85.3%,出水COD为735 mg/L。     

处理木薯淀粉废水的厌氧反应器初次启动方法研究

对处理木薯淀粉废水的EGSB厌氧反应器初次启动时的接种污泥选择、污泥驯化方法、厌氧反应器控制条件进行研究。当选用木薯酒精厂厌氧发酵污泥作为接种污泥,控制pH在6.8～7.6,VFA<1 000 mg/L,温度在26～28℃时,采用阶段进水驯化方式,经过近100 d的实际运行,成功培养出适应木薯淀粉废水的颗粒污泥,系统COD去除率达86%以上,厌氧反应器启动成功,运行状况良好,处理效果稳定。     

UASB反应器处理城市生活污水的试验研究

利用成功启动的上流式厌氧污泥床(UASB)反应器形成的颗粒污泥提高对低浓度有机污水的处理效果。结果表明,在COD为300 mg/L的低浓度下,在温度为35℃时,历经90 d成功启动UASB反应器,在UASB内形成黑色颗粒污泥;当HRT为4 h时,其对COD的去除率超过80%。最终UASB反应器中有73.64%的污泥粒径0.25 mm。UASB运行稳定后,当HRT为3 h,温度为16～21.1℃时,污泥能膨胀至整个反应区,此时COD去除率为86.35%～94.60%,平均COD去除率为91.05%,出水COD≤43 mg/L。     

改良UASB处理酒精废水启动试验研究

为增强抗冲击负荷能力和保证颗粒污泥与废水充分混合,在上流式厌氧污泥床(UASB)反应器内三相分离器前增设强制内回流装置,形成改良UASB反应器,利用污水处理站UASB厌氧污泥,处理酒精废水。结果表明,UASB整个启动期为61 d,启动的第40天出现颗粒污泥,UASB启动期间对COD、SS的平均去除率分别为70%、11%,出水pH在6.4～7.8,挥发性脂肪酸的质量浓度降到200 mg.L-1以下,有利于后续单元对废水的处理。     

UASB反应器处理高含量核苷酸类废水启动特性研究

采用上流式厌氧污泥床(UASB)反应器,以高核苷酸类含量废水为处理对象,研究了中温条件下反应器的启动、颗粒污泥的特性和废水处理的效果.结果表明,采用消化污泥接种进行培养,逐步提高废水进水COD,运行109d后,UASB反应器正常启动;当进水COD达到11.2g·L-1 左右,COD容积负荷3.22 kg·m-3·d-1,COD去除率为80%以上;反应器启动完成后,粒径>0.3mm的颗粒污泥比例增加到13.61%,平均沉降速率为22.04-26.73m·h-1;反应器稳定运行后,每克COD产气量达到392 mL.反应器能高效稳定运行.     

改进型UASB处理白酒废水启动及运行效能研究

采用改进型中温上流式厌氧污泥床(UASB)反应器处理白酒废水,研究UASB反应器启动、提高负荷、稳定运行阶段及污泥颗粒化过程。结果表明,当COD容积负荷控制在0.5~2.0 kg/(m3·d)内,经过25 d优化运行,UASB可以成功启动,COD去除率稳定在80%以上。在稳定阶段,UASB反应器最大COD容积负荷为12 kg/(m3·d),COD平均去除率可达为82.1%,出水p H稳定在7.0~7.1,挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)的质量浓度降低至240 mg/L,产气量为6.8L/d左右,达到最佳运行效果。可为白酒废水处理提供科学依据。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。