传统生物除磷脱氮工艺和反硝化除磷工艺对比

介绍了传统生物除磷脱氮和反硝化除磷的机理,比较了几个有代表性的传统除磷脱氮工艺和反硝化除磷工艺。通过分析认为反硝化除磷菌(DPB)能够以硝态氮为电子受体,从而大大节省耗氧量,缓解常规工艺对外加碳源的需求。如何在不增加工艺流程复杂性的同时,在工艺中充分富集DPB是反硝化除磷的关键。     

反硝化聚磷菌的富集及其特性研究

为全面探究反硝化脱氮除磷菌(DPB)的脱氮除磷特性,实验采用SBR反应装置对DPB进行富集筛选,分析碳源浓度及内外碳源对其特性的影响。实验结果显示:污泥经过富集筛选后反硝化聚磷菌比例大增,占传统聚磷菌的比例为80.68%;同时,以乙酸钠作为碳源,在进水COD浓度为250mg/L条件下,反硝化脱氮除磷效果达到最佳;在无外碳源的缺氧条件下,DPB的脱氮除磷效率很低,需添加适量的外碳源,才能保证脱氮除磷特性的正常发挥,过大或过小的外碳源浓度都会对DPB形成抑制作用。     

污水处理厂中反硝化除磷工艺的应用

综述了反硝化除磷技术的原理和实现反硝化脱氮除磷的主要工艺。该工艺是根据反硝化聚磷菌(DPB)的摄磷特点而开发的新型生物脱氮除磷工艺,以其特有的"一碳两用"和"双泥系统",有效解决了常规生物脱氮除磷工艺的碳源供求矛盾和泥龄控制问题,可同时获得较高的除磷和脱氮效率。目前常见的主要工艺有A2N-SBR工艺、BCFS工艺和DEPHANOX工艺。     

厌氧段HRT对A2N工艺反硝化除磷脱氮效果的影响

为了考察厌氧段水力停留时间（HRT）对A2N工艺反硝化除磷脱氮效果的影响,采用连续流双污泥反硝化除磷脱氮装置以生活污水为处理对象,研究了厌氧段在不同HRT时系统的除磷脱氮效果,以及厌氧段不同HRT对系统处理过程的影响。结果表明,厌氧段是A2N工艺实现反硝化除磷脱氮的关键阶段。当厌氧段的HRT过长时,虽然溶解性PO4^3-的总释放量增加,但是后续的缺氧吸磷量和总氮的去除量并没有相应地增加。厌氧段的HRT时间过短,反硝化聚磷菌（DPB）在此对进水中易降解COD（CODRB）吸收不完全,导致后续缺氧吸磷量下降,同时影响了系统的除磷和脱氮效果。在处理实际生活污水水质时,厌氧段的HRT为2h即可满足除磷和脱氮要求。     

序批式反应器中反硝化除磷脱氮的研究

为了提高污水脱氮除磷的效率,研究采用序批式反应器(SBR工艺)厌氧、好氧和缺氧(AOA)的运行方式富集反硝化聚磷菌(DPB),实现同步脱氮除磷。结果表明:在好氧段投加甲醇作为碳源(25—40 mg/L)可有效抑制好氧吸磷,对硝化反应影响较小,能够在缺氧段实现同时反硝化脱氮除磷。SBR反应器稳定运行10个月,当进水NH4+-N、PO43--P分别为30,15 mg/L时,总氮(TN)和PO43--P的平均去除率分别为82.5%和92.1%。聚磷菌能够利用硝酸盐作为电子受体,DPB占总聚磷菌的比例达到44.8%。与A2O运行方式相比,AOA运行方式更有利于实现DPB的富集。     

污水生物脱氮除磷新技术

概述了传统生物脱氮除磷原理,分析了传统生物脱氮除磷工艺的不足,并介绍了同时硝化反硝化、短程硝化反硝化、厌氧氨氧化、反硝化除磷等几种经济、高效的生物脱氮除磷新技术的原理和研究现状.     

强化生物除磷工艺微生物种群结构分析

引言强化生物除磷工艺以其高效、低耗、简单易操作在世界范围内得到了广泛的应用,近年来反硝化生物强化除磷工艺一直是个研究热点,主要是由于反硝化生物强化除磷工艺可通过反硝化除磷菌(DPB)在传统的厌氧/缺氧/好氧工艺的缺氧池中利用内碳源聚β-羟基丁酸酯(PHB)作为碳源实现反硝化吸磷,同时亦可反硝化脱氮,一碳两用,可节省大量的碳源需求,同时也减少了一定的动力消耗和污泥产量,尤其适合低碳氮比的     

一株反硝化聚磷菌生长及脱氮除磷特性

为进一步探讨反硝化除磷机理,试验采用前期分离一株典型的反硝化聚磷菌,研究其生长及除磷脱氮特性。利用纯菌和反应器静态模拟试验考察了不同电子受体对脱氮除磷效率的影响。该反硝化聚磷菌的生长曲线比较典型,其潜伏期不足1h,对数生长期约为14h,菌株除磷过程中吸磷与硝氮去除呈良好的线性关系,对硝氮和亚硝氮两种电子受体都能利用,该菌株相对亚硝酸盐敏感性低,不同的电子受体并未对菌株除磷效果有明显的影响,吸磷率都达到60%以上。反应器静态模拟实验验证了在反应器内存在的主要优势DPB菌对两种不同电子受体都能利用,与菌株实验结果一致。     

反硝化除磷技术及其影响因素

反硝化脱氮除磷技术与传统脱氮除磷方式相比，能够在缺氧段实现同步体脱氮除磷，具有节约碳源，减少能源消耗、污泥产量低等优点。简要概述了反硝化除磷的机理，总结并分析了碳源种类、碳源浓度、电子受体、温度、p H值、水力停留时间和污泥浓度等影响因素对反硝化脱氮除磷技术的影响。     

新型生物脱氮除磷技术的研究进展

对同时硝化反硝化、短程硝化反硝化、好氧反硝化、厌氧氨氧化及反硝化除磷脱氮等生物脱氮除磷新技术的研究和开发进行综述和讨论,分析了新技术的机理、特点和开发应用的前景.通过与现有的传统生物脱氮除磷工艺进行比较,认为今后应加强对生物脱氮除磷,尤其是反硝化除磷机理更深入的研究,大力开发技术成熟、高效经济又符合我国国情的新工艺.     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。