Velocity and concentration measurements in initial region of submerged round jets in stagnant environment and in coflow

Velocity and concentration fields are measured in submerged round jets in a stagnant environment and in coflow using laser Doppler anemometry and laser-induced fluorescence. Measurements are made in the initial region within distances of 40 jet exit diameter at jet Reynolds number between 1000 and 5000 and coflow-to-jet velocity ratio from 0 to 0.43. Different behaviors of jet spreading and dilution are found in jets at three different ranges of Reynolds number in which the jets are classified as initially laminar, transitional or turbulent. In the zone of established flow, the jet centerline velocity and concentration decay with downstream distance at different rates in the three groups of jets. For jets in coflow, axial development of normalized forms of centerline mean excess velocity and mean concentration at different velocity ratios can be reasonably well collapsed onto universal trends through the use of momentum length scale. Turbulence properties inside a jet are increased by the presence of a strong coflow. Inside the zone of flow establishment, some strange features are observed on jet turbulence properties. The length of zone of flow establishment increases from the turbulent jets, to the transition jets and to the laminar jets. The zone lengths for concentration are shorter than those for velocity by one to two jet exit diameters. Both lengths are shortened further in the presence of a coflow. For jets a stagnant environment and in the strong jet flow region of jets in coflow, jet widths increase linearly with downstream distance in transitional and turbulent jets. Self-similarity of radial profiles of mean velocity or excess velocity, mean concentration, turbulence intensities and concentration fluctuation level is explored in the zone of established flow.     

NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF LAMINAR SQUARE IMPINGING JET FLOWS

A theoretical study has been undertaken to determine the flow characteristics associated with a three-dimensional laminar impinging jet issuing from a square pipe nozzle. Interesting flow structures around the jet are detected. The numerical result reveals the existence of four streamwise velocity off-center peaks near the impingement plate, which is different from the rectangular jet impingement. The mechanism of the formation of the off-center velocity peaks and the parameters affecting the flow-field characteristics are discussed by comparison of the computed results with different nozzle-to-plate spacings and Reynolds numbers.     

COMPUTATIONS FOR PLANE TURBULENT IMPINGING JET IN CROSS FLOW

ＮＯＭＥＮＣＬＡＴＵＲＥａ1ａｎｄａ2　　　　ｃｏｎｓｔａｎｔｓｉｎ(14)ｂｈａｌｆｗｉｄｔｈｗｈｅｒｅｕ=ｕｍ2ｃ1,ｃ2ａｎｄｃμｃｏｎｓｔａｎｔｓｏｆｋεｍｏｄｅｌｓｆ1ａｎｄｆ2ｆｕｎｃｔｉｏｎｓｍａｒｋｉｎ(13)Ｈｔｈｅｄｅｐｔｈｏｆｔｈｅｆｌｕｍｅｆ?..     

对称突扩水流流态失稳和流场结构

对称突扩分离再附水流现象广泛存在于工程和生活中,流道突扩易产生局部水头损失、压力变化、结构振动、次生噪声等,对称突扩存在流场对称性失稳现象,如管道对称突扩等。然而,由于紊流的复杂性和量测技术的局限性,人们对其流动特性和流态演变规律认识仍然不足,有必要开展对称突扩流动的流场结构分析研究。本文基于物理模型试验和高精度图像粒子测速技术,模拟了不同雷诺数条件下（Re=539~48 911）对称突扩水流流动现象和精细流场结构,包含层流、过渡流和充分发展的紊流典型流态,随着雷诺数Re增加,流态从层流过渡到紊流,从对称到非对称分布,其流态发生对称性失稳,高雷诺数紊流时主流偏向一侧,流场结构相对稳定;揭示了突扩水流主流两侧形成的非对称分布的大尺度涡漩结构,其与流场对称性失稳有关联。     

Simulation of the flow field and scour evolution by turbulent wall jets under a sluice gate

This numerical study of scour process tested the skills of computational fluid dynamics in modeling the unsteady flow field during the scour development stage by two-dimensional turbulent wall jets under a sluice gate. The modeling was found to well describe the experimentally observed flow patterns, that is, the main jet diverged to a returning jet and a tail jet. The model also correctly predicts the evolution of the scour depth and length. We examined the self-similarity of the profiles of scour bed and overlying velocities throughout the entire scour development and equilibrium stages. We found self-preserved profiles of velocities and scour beds using local jet parameters. Four growth curves were compared in describing the temporal evolution of scour depth. Finally, non-dimensional scaling of the equilibrium maximal scour depth was investigated. We used the theory of wall jet, and suggested that a modified jet Froude number can be used to predict the equilibrium scour depth, which accounts for the attenuation of the jet velocities along the apron.     

射流冲刷平衡深度研究

本文通过水槽实验和理论分析,研究了在水流速度低、泥沙易淤积的区域引入平面冲击射流对消除泥沙淤积的影响。实验观测了射流局部达到冲刷平衡时,最大冲刷深度随射流喷口高度、喷口宽度、喷口流速、横流流速及泥沙特性变化的规律。由泥沙起动理论和平面射流运动规律,建立了射流冲刷平衡深度计算式。用不同性质的泥沙和采用不同射流喷口宽度、不同喷口高度的射流冲刷实验资料对建立的计算公式进行了验证,计算结果与实验资料吻合良好。     

低雷诺数下的钉螺绕流特征数值模拟

研究钉螺在水流中的运动规律对于控制钉螺扩散具有十分重要的意义。通过开源流体力学计算软件OpenFOAM,使用非结构化的三角形网格拟合钉螺边界,采用有限体积法和PISO算法计算平面无限区域中黏性不可压缩流体下的钉螺绕流运动,模拟了低雷诺数下横向和纵向2种水流条件螺体后方尾流形态变化,详细描述了漩涡脱落过程等现象;对比分析不同条件下钉螺的阻力系数C_D、回流区长度L_w/D、斯特罗哈数St等的区别。研究结果表明:随着雷诺数的增加,钉螺的阻力系数逐渐减小,尾流形态呈现3种不同的形态,初步确定各流态转变的临界雷诺数的范围。该研究可为进一步掌握钉螺扩散规律、改进水利阻螺措施提供理论依据。     

静止环境中垂直平面浮力射流稳定性与混合特性数值研究

针对不同的射流参数和环境流体参数下的有限深平面垂直射流，采用混合有限分析法对近区以稳定浮力表面层形式排放和由于近区漩涡产生二次吸附的非稳定排放两种流动形态的混合流体的流速场和温度场进行了数值模拟。结果表明近区排放稳定性主要取决于排放佛汝德数和相对淹没度，而与受纳水体的远区几何形状无关；受纳水体的远区几何形状只对排放水体的混合性质产生影响，这一点对非稳定排放尤其显著。所得结果与Jirka和Harleman的理论分析和试验结果十分吻合，说明所采用数值方法可对平面浮力射流的流动现象进行完整的预报。     

THEORETICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON THE CONICAL SWIRLING WATER JET FLOW

This paper is concerned with theoretical and experimental study on theconical swirling water jet flow.Based upon the theoretical analysis,the experiment on thestructural characteristics of swirling water jet flow including the velocity and pressure dis-tribution laws,on which the parameters of the jet,nozzle and directional blades havemore or less influence,was carried out in CSSRC by using a 3-D LDV in order to optimizea new high-efficiency jet instead of swirling drilling bit for rock-breaking and continuouslydrilling,and to meet the demand of radial horizontal drilling technology.Meanwhile basedon the experimental results,the numerical simulation was conducted for the conicalswirling water jet in the immersed well-bottom flow by solving the RANS equations in the3-D body-fitted coordinate system with the k-ε turbulence model.The numerical resultsare consistent with the experimental data,and lead to some conclusions which are impor-tant for applying the conical swirling water jet to the petroleum drill     

动水环境中有限宽窄缝湍射流的水力特性研究

本文采用粒子图像测速(PIV)系统，在分析了水中粒子跟随性的基础上，对动水环境中多种喷口长度和流速比情况下的有限宽窄缝湍射流近区流场进行测试，并结合数值模拟结果分析讨论了动水环境中有限宽窄缝湍射流的近场三维流动特性。在实验观测的流速比范围内，射流势流核长度随着流速比的增加而增大并逐渐趋近于平面自由湍射流的势流核长度，雷诺数对射流的发展轨迹影响很小，射流发展主要由流速比控制。同时，给出了射流背流面逆流区长度与流速比、喷口形状因子之间的关系。     

EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON THE FLOW FIELD CHARACTERISTICS IN THE MIXING REGION OF TWIN JETS

Twin jets flow, generated by two identical parallel axisymmetric nozzles, has been experimentally investigated. The dimensionless spacing (B) between two nozzles were set at 1.89, 1.75 and 1.5. Measurements have been carried out at several free-stream velocities ranging from 10 m/s to 25 m/s or Reynolds numbers (based on the nozzle diameter of 44 mm) ranging from 3.33×104 to 8.33×104. The results show that the twin jets attract each other. With the increasing Reynolds number, the turbulence energy grows, which indicates that the twin jets attract acutely. The jet flow field and the merging process of two jets vary with B. The width of the twin jets flow spreads linearly downstream and grows with B. The merging between two jets occurs at the location closer to the nozzle exit for the cases with smaller spacing between nozzles and higher Reynolds number.     

下呼吸道重开的生物流体力学研究：理论分析

本文理论分析了受阻塞肺下呼吸道重开的生物流体力学问题，解控制流动的低雷诺数的Stokes方程，得出阻塞液前阵面和指状气泡前阵面的位置、速度等公式。所得结果和作者前文所发表的实验结果[17]吻合得相当好，进一步分析表明阻塞液粘度、管径和外加压强对流以动有较大影响，毛细数Ca同样受到这些参数的影响。     

不规则波作用下垂向圆管射流的试验研究

利用三维超声波测速仪(ADV)对不规则波作用下垂向圆管射流的流场进行了测量.通过与静水条件下圆管射流流场的比较,发现在不规则波作用下射流轴线速度明显减小、射流范围相应增大、周围水体对射流的稀释能力也明显增强;随着波浪强度的增大,射流紊动强度有所加强,而峰值位置则逐渐前移.本文采用因次分析方法对试验数据进行了分析,通过引入长度尺度lm将波浪作用下的射流划分成三个区域:z/lm≤0.1为射流主导段;0.11为波浪主导段.通过对试验数据的曲线拟合,建立了各个区域段内射流轴线流速和射流宽度的经验公式.     

湍浮力射流形成区内特性的预报

应用作者所提出的数学模型和计算方法,对浮力射流形成区内的特性进行了预报。得出了形成区内中线流速、温度和湍动能的沿程变化,以及射流核的长度和掺入速度。也得出了流速、温度和湍动能在断面上的分布。并分析和讨论了出口条件及环境分层对这些特性的影响。     

Numerical investigation of Reynolds number and scaling effects in microchannels flows

Compared with conventional channels, experiments of microchannel often exhibit some controversial findings and sometimes even opposite trends, most notably the effects of the Reynolds number and the scaled channel height on the Poiseuille number. The experimental method has still been constrained by two key facts, firstly the current ability to machine microstructures and secondly the limitation of measurement of parameters related to the Poiseuille number. As a consequence, numerical method was adopted in this study in order to analyze a flow in two-dimensional rectangular microchannels using water as working fluid. Results are obtained by the solution of the steady laminar incompressible Navier-Stokes equations using control volume finite element method(CVFEM) without pressure correction. The computation was made for channel height ranging from 50 ?m to 4.58 ?m and Reynolds number varying from 0.4 to 1 600. The effect of Reynolds number and channel heights on flow characteristics was investigated. The results showed that the Poiseuille numbers agree fairly well with the experimental measurements proving that there is no scale effect at small channel height. This scaling effect has been confirmed by two additional simulations being carried out at channel heights of 2.5 ?m and 0.5 ?m, respectively and the range of Reynolds number was extended from 0.01 up to 1 600. This study confirm that the conventional analysis approach can be employed with confidence for predicting flow behavior in microchannels when coupled with carefully matched entrance and boundary conditions in the dimensional range considered here.     

固粒分区存在的旋转射流场稳定性研究

本文由理论分析得到了三种固粒存在形态下旋转射流失稳模型的扰动增长率及相关修正瑞利稳定性准则，根据该准则，对三种不同固粒存在形态下气一固流动模型在不同扰动性质和固粒属性下，由计算得到了对应的增长率曲线，给出了固闰属性及扰动央求充稳定性影响的重要结论，为工程中控制不同情况下的旋转射流场后续发展提供了理论依据。     

关于明渠水流的六区流态

用下临界Ｒｅｙｎｏｌｄｓ数、上临界Ｒｅｙｎｏｌｄｓ数、临界Ｆｒｏｕｄｅ数将明渠水流的流态划分为六区，即：缓层流、缓过渡流、缓紊流、急层流、急过渡流、急紊流，提出了六区流态划分图。并对明渠流与管流采用统一的流速公式问题，提出了看法。     

PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION IN A PLANAR JET FLOW UNDERGOING SHEAR-INDUCED COAGULATION AND BREAKAGE

A CFD simulation is performed for a particle-laden planar jet flow.The Reynolds number is 8300,and the initial particle diameter is 1 μm.Large Eddy Simulation(LES) is employed to calculate the flow field,and the Taylor-series expansion moment method(TEMOM) is adopted to deal with the balance equation of particle coagulation and breakage.The shear-induced coagulation kernel,power-law breakage kernel and symmetric fragment distribution function are involved.The prediction of the distribution of the mean streamwise velocity of the jet is in good agreement with experimental data.The evolution of particle number concentration,volume concentration,polydispersity,particle diameter and standard geometric deviation is discussed in detail.The results show that as the jet travels downstream,the particle number concentration and volume concentration decrease,while their spans become wider.The polydispersity and particle diameter are very large in the shear layers at the upstream and in the core of vortex structures at the downstream.The particle standard geometric deviation changes within the range of 1.32 ≤σg≤ 1.96,and increases sharply in the shear layers.All variables approach the steady-state as time progresses.     

风琴管喷嘴喉部结构对射流流场流动结构影响的数值研究

本文提出了一种采用间歇涡环模型述射流流场的大尺度流动结构特性，并依据边界元方法优化设计风琴管等自激振荡型喷管的内流结构曲面和其喉部结构的数值实验方法，计算结果表明内流过渡曲面为椭球面而出口形状为锥面的风琴管式喷嘴喷射出的圆形射流流场具有良好的大尺度涡环结构。     

The mechanical energy equation for total flow in open channels

The mechanical energy equation is a fundamental equation of a 1-D mathematical model in Hydraulics and Engineering Fluid Mechanics. This equation for the total flow used to be deduced by extending the Bernoulli＇s equation for the ideal fluid in the streamline to a stream tube, and then revised by considering the viscous effect and integrated on the cross section. This derivation is not rigorous and the effect of turbulence is not considered. In this paper, the energy equation for the total flow is derived by using the Navier-Stokes equations in Fluid Mechanics, the results are as follows：（1） A new energy equation for steady channel flows of incompressible homogeneous liquid is obtained, which includes the variation of the turbulent kinetic energy along the channel, the formula for the mechanical energy loss of the total flow can be determined directly in the deduction process.（2） The theoretical solution of the velocity field for laminar flows in a rectangular open channel is obtained and the mechanical energy loss in the energy equation is calculated. The variations of the coefficient of the mechanical energy loss against the Reynolds number and the width-depth ratio are obtained.（3） The turbulent flow in a rectangular open channel is simulated using 3-D Reynolds averaged equations closed by the Reynolds stress model（RSM）, and the variations of the coefficient of the mechanical energy loss against the Reynolds number and the width-depth ratio are discussed.