Chemical,nutritional and phenolic composition of wheatgrass and pulse shoots

Chemical, nutritional and antiradical properties of juice and shoot powder from wheatgrass and pulses were evaluated. Wheatgrass powder (WP) showed higher radical scavenging capacity, ash and chlorophyll content and lower protein content as compared to pulse powder (PP). Wheatgrass (WJP) juice powder had significantly higher K and Mg content as compared to pulse juice powder (PJP). Powders with relatively higher K and Mg content had higher radical scavenging capacity and chlorophyll content. Vanillic acid was present only in free form in both WP and PP. Luteolin was equally distributed in acid‐ and base‐bound form; sinapic acid was higher in base‐bound fraction; and protocatechuic acid was higher in acid‐bound form in both the sources. Positive correlations were found between radical scavenging capacity and ferulic acid and sinapic acid, whereas radical scavenging capacity was negatively correlated with gallic acid and p‐coumaric acid. WJP had higher glutamic acid, histidine, threonine, citrulline, arginine, gamma‐amino butyric acid (GABA) and leucine as compared to PJP. The present study highlights the nutritional benefits of wheatgrass juice.     

A review of the impact of processing on nutrient bioaccessibility and digestion of almonds

Almond kernels contain phytochemicals and nutrients that potentially have positive health benefits in relation to heart disease, diabetes and obesity. One important mechanism associated with these benefits is an imposed limit on bioaccessibility (release) of nutrients, such as lipids, from almond tissue during mastication and digestion. Recent studies have demonstrated the importance of food structure during the digestion of plant foods. In particular, in the almond kernel, depending on its structure and degree of processing, the amount of lipid released from the almond tissue matrix and the fatty acids produced from lipolysis has been found to vary substantially. This review aims at discussing the commercial methods of almond processing and the different almond forms produced for human consumption, mainly with respect to their impact on nutrient composition, digestion and metabolism.     

Bioaccessible Iron and Zinc in Native and Fortified Enzyme Hydrolyzed Casein and Soya Protein Matrices

Casein and soybean are superior quality proteins; however, these are known to inhibit mineral absorption. These investigations were aimed at enzymatic modification of these proteins and to study their effect on mineral bioaccessibility. Casein and soybean proteins were hydrolyzed with alcalase and trypsin individually under optimum conditions. The protein hydrolysates, prepared with different degrees of hydrolysis, were freeze dried, fortified with either iron or zinc and analyzed for bioaccessible minerals in vitro. Proteolytic hydrolysis enhanced the bioaccessibility of iron and zinc in proportion to the degree of hydrolysis. Tryptic hydrolysis enhanced the bioaccessible iron from 1–4% in casein and from 1.3–3.3% in soybean. Alcalase hydrolysis showed a comparatively higher enhancement with both the proteins. Tryptic hydrolysis enhanced zinc bioaccessibity by 3-fold in casein and alcalase hydrolysis enhanced by 2- to 2.5-fold. In soybean, dephytinization showed a synergistic effect. In conclusion, enzymatic hydrolysis of proteins looks promising for enhancing bioaccessibility of minerals in protein matrices.     

不同干燥方法对天山雪莲细胞黄酮含量及生物可接受率的影响

黄酮类化合物为天山雪莲的主要活性成分之一。本文采用自然风干、冷冻干燥、40 ℃烘干、60 ℃烘干及真空干燥等方法对天山雪莲培养物进行干燥,研究不同干燥方法对天山雪莲细胞中黄酮类化合物含量的影响。研究表明不同干燥方式得到的总黄酮含量由大到小顺序为：冷冻干燥>自然干燥>40 ℃烘干>真空干燥>60 ℃烘干,雪莲培养物最佳干燥方式为冷冻干燥。进而用自然风干、冷冻干燥、40 ℃烘干得到的样品进行体外模拟消化实验,研究天山雪莲培养物黄酮的生物可接受率。得天山雪莲培养物中黄酮类化合物的生物可接受率为30~45%,且天山雪莲培养物的处理条件及其消化环境都影响其黄酮类化合物的生物可接受率。研究不同干燥方法对天山雪莲细胞黄酮含量及生物可接受率的影响,以期对天山雪莲产品的开发提供理论依据。     

Effect of undigested neutral detergent fiber content of alfalfa hay on lactating dairy cows: Feeding behavior,fiber digestibility,and lactation performance

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of 2 alfalfa hays differing in undigested neutral detergent fiber content and digestibility used as the main forage source in diets fed to high producing cows for Parmigiano-Reggiano cheese production. Diets were designed to have 2 different amounts of undigestible NDF [high (Hu) and low (Lu)], as determined by 240-h in vitro analysis (uNDF₂₄₀). Alfalfa hay in vitro digestibility [% of amylase- and sodium sulfite-treated NDF with ash correction (aNDFom)] at 24 and 240 h was 40.2 and 31.2% and 53.6 and 45.7% for low- (LD) and high-digestibility (HD) hays, respectively. The 4 experimental diets (Hu-HD, Lu-HD, Hu-LD, and Lu-LD) contained 46.8, 36.8, 38.8, and 30.1% of alfalfa hay, respectively, 8.6% wheat straw, and 35.3% corn (50% flake and 50% meal; DM basis). Soy hulls and soybean meal were used to replace hay to balance protein and energy among diets. Eight multiparous Holstein cows (average milk production = 46.0 ± 5.2 kg/d, 101 ± 38 d in milk, and 662 ± 42 kg of average body weight) were assigned to a 4 × 4 Latin square design, with 2 wk of adaptation and a 1-wk collection period. Dry matter and water intake, rumination time, ruminal pH, and milk production and composition were measured. Diets and feces were analyzed for NDF on an organic matter basis (aNDFom), acid detergent fiber, acid detergent lignin, and uNDF₂₄₀ to estimate total-tract fiber digestibility. Dry matter intake and rumination times were higher in HD diets compared with LD diets, regardless of forage amount. Rumination time was constant per unit of dry matter intake but differed when expressed as a function of uNDF₂₄₀, aNDFom, or physically effective NDF intake. No differences were found among treatments on average ruminal pH, but the amount of time with pH <5.8 was lower in Hu-HD diets. Milk production and components were not different among diets. Total-tract aNDFom and potentially digestible neutral detergent fiber fraction digestibility was higher for the LD diets (88.3 versus 85.8% aNDFom in HD), for which lower feed intakes were also observed. The Hu-HD diet allowed greater dry matter intake, longer rumination time, and higher ruminal pH, suggesting that the limiting factor for dry matter intake is neutral detergent fiber digestibility and its relative rumen retention time.     

A Review on the Relationship Between Food Structure,Processing, and Bioavailability

This review highlights the effects of processing and food matrix on bioaccessibility and bioavailability of functional components. Human digestive system is reviewed as an element in bioavailability. Methods for bioaccessibility and bioavailability determination are described. Information about the location of functional compounds in the tissue is presented to portray the matrix information. Research data on the effects of food matrix and processing on bioaccessibility and bioavailability are summarized. Finally, trends in the development of functional component delivery systems are included.     

钛宝石激光器中飞秒和皮秒脉冲被动同步的研究

在双波长钛宝石激光器中通过交叉相位调制实现了飞秒和皮秒脉冲的交叉锁模,得到了被动同步的飞秒和皮秒脉冲.自相关和交叉相关曲线表明飞秒和皮秒脉冲具有很高的同步性,脉冲之间的抖动为51 fs.在飞秒和皮秒激光腔分别独立自锁模的情况下,群速弥散和自相位调制决定了自锁模激光脉冲的频谱和时间宽度.在飞秒和皮秒激光腔交叉锁模的情况下,交叉相位调制和增益竞争是决定脉冲频谱和时间宽度变化的主要因素.此外,讨论了被动同步的机制、激光的调谐范围以及锁模的稳定性.