煎炸油中多环芳烃污染情况及其健康风险评估

目的 了解煎炸油中多环芳烃(PAHs)污染水平,并评估其对人群造成的健康风险。方法 利用2015年和2017年PAHs专项监测中158份煎炸油样品的8种PAHs污染水平数据,以及其中76份样品14种PAHs污染水平数据,结合我国普通人群植物油消费量,采用暴露情景假设的方法,计算膳食暴露量和暴露限值(MOE),评估其健康风险。结果 煎炸油样品中14种PAHs化合物的检出率范围为0.0%～100.0%,其中苯并(a)芘的检出率为83.5%(132/158)。二苯并(a,h)蒽污染水平最高,均值为3.33 μg/kg,其次分别为苯并(a)蒽、艹屈、苯并(a)芘,均值分别为2.25、2.21、1.91 μg/kg。艹屈 是14种PAHs中最主要的化合物,占14种PAHs的比例为18.6%。经煎炸油摄入的苯并(a)芘、苯并(a)芘+艹屈 、苯并(a)芘+艹屈 +苯并(a)蒽+苯并(b)荧蒽、苯并(a)芘+艹屈 +苯并(a)蒽+苯并(b)荧蒽+苯并(k)荧蒽+二苯并(a,h)蒽+苯并(g,h,i)芘+茚并(1,2,3-cd)芘的平均暴露量分别为0.99、2.13、4.36、7.90 ng/kg BW,其MOE值分别为70 707、79 812、77 982、62 025,均远大于10 000。结论 基于当前监测的煎炸油中PAHs污染水平,我国普通人群经煎炸油摄入PAHs的健康风险在极端暴露的情况下较低。     

食品中多环芳烃及卤代多环芳烃的研究进展

综述了多环芳烃及卤代多环芳烃的性质、毒性及国内外食品中的污染情况和研究现状,并对目前的分析测定方法进行了介绍,希望为我国开展食品领域内多环芳烃和卤代多环芳烃的研究提供参考。     

高邮养殖区罗氏沼虾中多环芳烃的残留现状与健康风险评价

目的 对高邮市9个养殖区罗氏沼虾中多环芳烃(polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, PAHs)的残留现状与健康风险进行分析。方法 样品中的多环芳烃由环己烷:二氯甲烷(1:1=V:V)混合溶液索氏提取, 经凝胶渗透色谱(gel permeation chromatography, GPC)净化后, 通过DB35-MS毛细管色谱柱分离, 采用电子轰击源选择反应监测模式进行质谱分析, 以内标法定量。根据残留量, 采用美国环保局(US environmental protection agency, USEPA)将风险模型与毒性结合的方式, 毒性当量因子(toxic equivalency factors, TEF)方法估算PAHs 相对苯并(a)芘(BaP)的总毒性当量浓度, 采用终生致癌风险(increased lifetime cancer risk, ILCR) 模型进行健康风险评价。结果 对90个样品进行了检测, 方法检出限为0.017~0.171 μg/kg, 测定下限为0.051 μg/kg, 加标回收率为71.0%~117.0%, 相对标准偏差为1.79%~8.24%。9个养殖区16种PAHs组分总检出率在100%, 范围在6.62~53.2 μg/kg, 结构上3环、4环作为优势组分含量较高, 致癌作用显著性的苯并[a]芘均未检出。养殖区PAHs来源为石油污染, 中高环同分异构体比值法更进一步验证了污染源为石油。ILCR范围在2.74×10?10～3.30×10?8。结论 致癌风险处于控制水平, 在可接受范围内。     

Current issues in dietary acrylamide: formation,mitigation and risk assessment

Acrylamide (AA) is known as a neurotoxin in humans and it is classified as a probable human carcinogen by the International Agency of Research on Cancer. AA is produced as by‐product of the Maillard reaction in starchy foods processed at high temperatures (>120 °C). This review includes the investigation of AA precursors, mechanisms of AA formation and AA mitigation technologies in potato, cereal and coffee products. Additionally, most relevant issues of AA risk assessment are discussed. New technologies tested from laboratory to industrial scale face, as a major challenge, the reduction of AA content of browned food, while still maintaining its attractive organoleptic properties. Reducing sugars such as glucose and fructose are the major contributors to AA in potato‐based products. On the other hand, the limiting substrate of AA formation in cereals and coffee is the free amino acid asparagine. For some products the addition of glycine or asparaginase reduces AA formation during baking. Since, for potatoes, the limiting substrate is reducing sugars, increases in sugar content in potatoes during storage then introduce some difficulties and potentially quite large variations in the AA content of the final product. Sugars in potatoes may be reduced by blanching. Levels of AA in different foods show large variations and no general upper limit is easily applicable, since some formation will always occur. Current policy is that practical measures should be taken voluntarily to reduce AA formation in vulnerable foods since AA is considered a health risk at the concentrations found in foods. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry     

A comprehensive review of furan in foods: From dietary exposures and in vivo metabolism to mitigation measures

Furan is a thermal food processing contaminant that is ubiquitous in various food products such as coffee, canned and jarred foods, and cereals. A comprehensive summary of research progress on furan is presented in this review, including discussion of (i) formation pathways, (ii) occurrence and dietary exposures, (iii) analytical techniques, (iv) toxicities, (v) metabolism and metabolites, (vi) risk assessment, (vii) potential biomarkers, and (viii) mitigation measures. Dietary exposure to furan varies among different countries and age groups. Furan acts through various toxicological pathways mediated by its primary metabolite, cis-2-butene-1,4-dial (BDA). BDA can readily react with glutathione, amino acids, biogenic amines, or nucleotides to form corresponding metabolites, some of which have been proposed as potential biomarkers of exposure to furan. Present risk assessment of furan mainly employed the margin of exposure approach. Given the widespread occurrence of furan in foods and its harmful health effects, mitigating furan levels in foods or exploring potential dietary supplements to protect against furan toxicity is necessary for the benefit of food safety and public health.     

6种茄果类蔬菜中多环芳烃分布特征及健康风险评估

目的 研究多环芳烃(polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons,PAHs)在茄果类蔬菜中的分布特征和积累规律,并对南宁市不同人群摄食茄果类蔬菜的健康风险进行评估。方法 以番茄、茄子、辣椒为研究对象,采用高效液相色谱法测定PAHs含量,分析番茄、紫茄子、黑茄子、彩椒、线椒、指天椒6种茄果类蔬菜中的PAHs组成,并针对3个辣椒品种进行PAHs含量动态分析以及不同器官组织的PAHs差异分析。结果 6种茄果类蔬菜中PAHs的含量范围为525.03～1216.14 μg/kg,大小依次为指天椒>线椒>紫茄子>彩椒>黑茄子>番茄,不同品种间∑16 PAHs存在显著性差异;各苯环数PAHs含量占比大小为3环>4环>5环>6环>2环。随着采摘时间的推迟,辣椒果实∑16 PAHs含量呈逐渐升高趋势。∑16 PAHs在辣椒不同器官部位富集规律为果实>根>叶片>茎,各部位PAHs含量的差异达到显著性水平。健康风险分析表明,南宁市居民摄食茄果类蔬菜终生致癌风险值为9.73×10^-7～8.84×1...     

食品接触材料中多环芳烃在食品模拟物中的迁移规律研究

采用气相色谱-质谱联用法,对食品接触材料中多环芳烃在水、乙酸(体积分数为3%)、乙醇(体积分数为10%)和异辛烷等4种食品模拟物中的迁移规律进行了研究,研究迁移量与实验的温度、时间和模拟物属性等参数的关系。结果表明:模拟物的属性对迁移行为有显著影响,迁移量随温度的升高和时间的增加而变大。     

Dietary exposure and risk assessment of European Union priority (EU 15+1) polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from milks and milk powders in China

Dairy products, characterized by rich nutrition and unique flavor, occupy an increasing share of the human diet with the development of higher living standards. However, trace hazardous contaminants in dairy products, such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), are arousing public concern. In this study, we investigated 82 milks and milk powders from Shanghai markets for the occurrence of 20 PAH, including 16 European Union priority (EU 15+1) PAH and 4 derivatives. Furthermore, we carried out a risk assessment of dietary exposure of PAHs from dairy products based on detection results and data on body weight and dietary intake obtained from questionnaires. Two assessment methods were used in this study: the incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) and margin of exposure (MOE) methods. The ILCR of all age groups was 10^?6 to 10^?4, indicating a potential but acceptable carcinogenic risk. The MOE of the 4 groups (divided by age and sex) was >10⁴, indicating no significant carcinogenic risk of PAH exposure from dairy products. In both methods, children had the highest risk because of their greater consumption of dairy products, followed by seniors, young adults, and middle-aged adults. Results of this study provide reference data on the exposure level and health risk of PAHs from dairy product intake.     

Selected polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in smoked tuna, swordfish and Atlantic salmon fillets

The presence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in commercial smoked fillets of tuna, swordfish and Atlantic salmon was studied. In Europe, the smoking technique is widely used in fish processing and these species are the most representative of the taste of consumers for smoked products. Samples were purchased on the Italian market and analysed by HPLC. Mean concentrations (ng g⁻¹) of acenaphthene (4.4, 6.2, 11.2), phenanthrene (11.5, 18.5, 8.9), anthracene (2.4, 5.2, 1.8), fluoranthene (17.0, 9.4, 4.7), benzo( k )fluoranthene (0.3, 0.1, 0.2) and benzo( a )pyrene (1.3, 0.1, 0.4) were found in Atlantic salmon, tuna and swordfish respectively. Benzo( b )fluoranthene (1.2 ng g⁻¹) was detected only in Atlantic salmon whereas dibenz( a,h )anthracene was never detected in this species, but only in tuna (0.5 ng g⁻¹) and swordfish (1.1 ng g⁻¹). Atlantic salmon contained the highest level of benzo( a )pyrene (2.8 ng g⁻¹) which is below the European regulatory level of 5 ng g⁻¹.     

高风险食品中多环芳烃含量调查与分析

目的 通过对河北省11地市136份煎炸与熏烤食品中多环芳烃的（PAHs）含量的检测,考察不同食物种类、食物的来源渠道等因素对食品中PAHs含量的影响,。提示相关暴露风险。方法 样品经环己烷：乙酸乙酯(1:1, V:V)溶液超声提取后,通过凝胶色谱进行净化处理,采用高效液相色谱-荧光检测法进行检测。结果 市售的136份样品中, 均检出不同种类不同含量的PAHs, 检出率为100.0%,其中菲、蒽、荧蒽、芘及苯并(a)芘检出率较高;苯并(a)蒽、屈、苯并(b)荧蒽及苯并(k)荧蒽检出率相对较低。结论 高温、长时间反复使用的非正规散装食用油、直接使用明火煎炸与熏烤的食品中PAHs含量更高;正规厂家生产的此类食品中PAHs含量相对较低。     

食品中痕量多环芳烃检测技术的研究进展

多环芳烃(polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons,PAHs)是造成食品污染的痕量危害物质,精确和快速检测食品中的痕量多环芳烃,是食品安全的重要技术保障.本文对常见食品中PAHs污染情况进行总结,对食品中PAHs检测技术的研究现状进行综述.目前食品中PAHs检测技术主要包括色谱检测、光谱检测和免...     

食品中多环芳烃的提取、纯化、以及检测方法的研究进展

对食品中多环芳烃(PAHs)的提取、纯化机理和检测方法进行了概述,侧重介绍了样品提取、纯化和分离过程中影响PAHs回收率的各种因素。     

6种药食两用中药材中多环芳烃污染水平及健康风险评估

目的 了解人参、甘草、地黄、杜仲、连翘、玫瑰花6种药食两用中药材中多环芳烃的污染水平及其对人群健康的影响。方法 查阅中药材中多环芳烃残留污染相关文献,搜集中药材受多环芳烃污染的数据,采用美国环保局(United States of America,Environmental Protection Agency USA EPA)推荐的终生致癌风险(Incremental lifetime cancer risk,ILCR)为度量指标,进行健康风险评价。结果 药食两用中药材中多环芳烃残留的总含量范围为nd~5400.99 μg/kg,均值为828.603μg/kg,中药材中多环芳烃浓度为：甘草＞杜仲＞玫瑰花＞地黄＞连翘＞人参。健康风险评价表明不同年龄组摄入人参、连翘的致癌风险可以忽略(ILCR小于10-6),摄入甘草、玫瑰花存在潜在的致癌风险(ILCR在10-6~10-4之间);不同人群的终生致癌风险顺序为：成年人＞儿童＞老年人＞青少年;6种中药材受多环芳烃污染的程度不同,所引起的致癌风险为：玫瑰花＞甘草＞地黄＞杜仲＞连翘 ＞人参。结论 6种药食两用中药材中普遍存在多环芳烃污染,对人群健康有一定的危害,本研究利用终生致癌风险评价模型对药食两用的中药材多环芳烃污染情况进行预警,有助于以中药材为原料的药食两用食品的开发研究,同时为制定中药材中多环芳烃污染控制标准提供参考依据。     

气相色谱-质谱法测定醇食品模拟物中 16种多环芳烃

目的 建立固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱联用仪测定醇食品模拟液中16种多环芳烃的分析方法。方法 优化了萃取方式、萃取温度、萃取时间、解吸时间和振荡速率等萃取条件, 样品采用气相色谱-质谱联用仪(gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, GC-MS)总离子流和选择离子模式进行定性定量测定。结果 16种多环芳烃在0.01~10 ?g/L范围内线性良好, R2大于0.99。在0.1、0.5、1.0 μg/L 3个添加水平下, 16种多环芳烃的平均回收率为76.52%?119.8%, 相对标准偏差为0.99%?15.93%。结论 该方法操作简便、灵敏度高、准确度好, 能够满足醇食品模拟物中多环芳烃化合物的检测要求。     

Recent advances in heterocyclic aromatic amines: An update on food safety and hazardous control from food processing to dietary intake

Heterocyclic aromatic amines (HAAs) as probable carcinogenic substances are mainly generated in meat products during thermal processing. Numerous studies have contributed to the analysis, formation, and mitigation of HAAs during food processing. However, few articles have comprehensively reviewed food safety aspects from both food processing and dietary intake regarding the formation, mitigation, metabolism, biomarkers for exposure, hazard control, and risk assessment of HAAs, and related food safety researches. Several factors may influence the generation of HAAs, including processing temperature, processing time, and chemical composition of the meat. Nonetheless, these mutagenic compounds are attenuated to different levels by the addition of natural or synthetic flavorings and antioxidant‐rich marinades, as well as pretreatments using technique such as microwave heating. After dietary intake, different types of HAAs are metabolized in humans by several enzymes, including cytochrome P450s, peroxidases, N‐acetyltransferases, sulfotransferases, uridine diphosphate‐glucuronosyltransferases, and glutathione S‐transferases. Their primary metabolites are further conjugated with DNA or ultimately excreted in urine and feces. The 2‐amino‐1‐methyl‐6‐phenylimidazo[4,5‐b]pyridine in hair as well as DNA, hemoglobin, and serum albumin adducts has been considered as biomarkers for exposure assessment. Dietary intake information obtained from questionnaires and the results of epidemiological investigations have shown a positive relationship between the intakes of red meat and processed meat and high risk of cancer incidence. As several cancers have been reported to be associated with HAAs, HAAs should be both effectively reduced during food processing and controlled from dietary intake to facilitate human health.     

纺织行业中多环芳烃的危害及其替代研究

多环芳烃(PAHs)一般存在于煤、煤焦油和原油等自然物质中,而一些人为因素也会使环境中产生多环芳烃化合物。在纺织行业中,多环芳烃主要用作生产染料的基本原料,同时也广泛存在于橡胶制品和塑料制品中。由于PAHs具有潜在的毒性和致癌、致畸变性,并且它可以在生物体内累积和在食物链中传递,因此给环境和人类健康带来极大的威胁。PAHs对环境的污染已经引起了全世界的关注,很多国家均对消费品中PAHs的含量进行了严格的限制。主要介绍了PAHs的危害、法规要求及其在纺织行业中替代品的研究动态。     

浙江温州地区海产品中石油烃的含量分析及膳食风险评估

目的 掌握浙江温州地区海产品中石油烃的污染状况及其对人群膳食暴露影响。方法 采集2022年浙江温州地区30个品种217批次海产品, 取各样品可食部分, 经组织匀质后, 经6 mol/L氢氧化钠溶液40℃恒温振荡皂化6 h、二氯甲烷萃取、旋转蒸发浓缩至干、脱芳石油醚复溶, 取上清液采用分子荧光仪测定其石油烃含量。采用单因子指数法和商值法分别评价其污染程度和膳食暴露健康风险。结果 所有海产品均存在不同程度的石油烃检出(范围1.06~26.6 mg/kg, 均值9.70 mg/kg), 其中13.4%的样品中石油烃含量超出NY 5073—2006《无公害食品水产品中有毒有害物质限量》中规定的限值, 分别为缢蛏、泥蚶、馒头蟹。总体上检出浓度依次排序, 养殖贝类>海捕头足类>海捕蟹>海捕虾>海捕鱼>养殖藻类。所测海产品石油烃危害商在0.01226~0.3076之间, 均小于1, 致癌风险指数范围为4.9×10-7~7.6×10-5, 小于1×10-4, 其中养殖贝类中缢蛏、泥蚶、贻贝的危害商和致癌风险指数相对较高。结论 浙江温州地区海产品中石油烃的健康风险较低, 但应密切关注长期或大量食用缢蛏、泥蚶、贻贝带来的不利影响。     

The occurrence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Peking duck: Relevance to food safety assessment

Peking duck is one of the most well-known Chinese dishes. GC–MS analysis revealed that, either benzo(a)pyrene alone, or the total amount of major PAHs with carcinogenic potential for humans, reached levels of 8.7 and 54.7 μg/kg, respectively. These levels greatly exceeded those found in grilled poultry in European countries. However, the intake of benzo(a)pyrene from a Peking duck meal (about 0.65 μg) was not higher than that from the daily intake (for residents in the same area) from vegetables alone (about 2 μg/day). Since Peking duck is still not a plebeian meat in this country, people would not consume it very often.     

Effects of seasoning on the formation of heterocyclic amines and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in meats: A meta-analysis

Cooking improves digestibility, palatability, and microbiological profile of meats, but can produce compounds with carcinogenic potential, such as heterocyclic amines (HAs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). It has been shown that the formation of these compounds in meats can be inhibited by spiced marinades, but there is a complexity to check and compare the results of isolated studies with so many variables involved. Thus, this work aimed to review studies that evaluated the effects of spices on the formation of HAs and PAHs in meats according to cooking techniques and spice type. A meta-analysis with a random effect model was conducted using response ratios (R) to identify and summarize previous results and answer the research question. The use of spices before frying (R* = 0.52), grilling (R* = 0.63), or roasting (R* = 0.74) meat, and spicing with garlic and onion (R* = 0.57), pepper (R* = 0.63), and other spices with phenolic compounds (R* = 0.63), decrease the formation of HAs and PAHs, due to the antioxidant and electron transfer capacity. In this article, we discuss how the improvement of culinary techniques with the dissemination of knowledge about meat preparation conditions is an effective strategy for reducing the formation and ingestion of HAs and PAHs; this is important due to the growing evidence about the association between meat consumption and chronic diseases. This is the first systematic review with meta-analysis about this topic and can guide industry, food services, and population to improve the safety associated with meat consumption.