鸡蛋中的生物活性蛋白质和肽

鸡蛋富含生物活性蛋白质,经酶解后也会产生多种生物活性肽,具有多种生理功能,如抑菌、抗高血压、抗氧化、促生长和增强免疫等作用。该文综述了鸡蛋中的生物活性蛋白和肽的研究进展。     

乳源蛋白中的活性肽及其生理作用

乳源蛋白了营养作用外，还具有生物活性作用，这是由于其中存在着生物活性肽的缘故。这些活性作用包括：阿片活性、等作用。叙述了乳源蛋白中的活性肽及其生理作用。     

Antioxidative and antibacterial peptides derived from bovine milk proteins

The search for alternative preservatives is on the rise due to safety issues linked with the application of synthetic antioxidants and the extensive increase in bacterial resistance to several conventional antibiotics. Therefore, the quest for finding suitable alternatives including bioactive peptides has received attention. This article reports a comprehensive insight concerning antioxidative and antibacterial peptides derived from milk proteins, a prolific source of peptides having various bioactivities. Caseins and whey proteins have also been evaluated for antioxidative and antibacterial potential using the BIOPEP database. A notable number of potentially active peptides are present in milk proteins. Technological approaches are here reported for the production of these peptides. The findings of this review show potentiality of utilizing dairy derived antioxidative and antibacterial peptides in the development of a superior alternative to the current generation of preservatives and therapeutic agents, as well as a functional ingredient in dietetic or pharmaceutical applications.     

乳中生物活性物质的研究进展

哺乳动物的乳不仅营养物质丰富,而且含有激素、生长因子、酶、抗体和非抗体保护蛋白等多种生物活性物质,乳蛋白中蕴藏着大量生物活性肽。此外乳中还含有活细胞。这些生物活性物质对婴儿或新生幼仔的代谢、生长发育、免疫和抗菌等有非常重要的作用,有些生物活性物质参与乳腺的生长分化和保护。本文综述了乳源激素和生长因子、酶、抗体、非抗体保护蛋白以及生物活性肽等生物活性物质及其研究进展。     

In vitro antihypertensive activity of bioactive peptides derived from porcine blood corpuscle and plasma proteins

New bioactive peptides with antihypertensive property from red blood corpuscle (RBC) and plasma (PL) hydrolysate fractions of porcine blood were identified. Three peptides with the highest Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activity from RBC, including RBC7 (TPYPCV), RBC15 (VVYPWR) and RBC9 (FLCT), showed IC₅₀ values of 2.58 ± 0.87, 5.22 ± 2.56 and 6.53 ± 0.34 µm , respectively. By comparison, PL1 (YTFPFH), PL2 (WGHGNPHV) and PL7 (VPLW) from PL displayed higher IC₅₀ values at 24.12 ± 2.44, 15.33 ± 0.44 and 32.80 ± 38.96 µm , respectively. Molecular docking was employed to simulate the interactions of RBC7 and RBC15 with the catalytic site of the ACE receptor. RBC7 and RBC15 interacted with residues in the ACE receptor that normally coordinated with Zn(II), and RBC7 also interacted extensively with residues within S1, S2 and S’1 active sites. Taken together, these results illustrate that porcine blood is an excellent source of antihypertensive peptides and could be of great benefits to people with high blood pressure.     

Food protein-derived bioactive peptides: production, processing, and potential health benefits

Bioactive peptides (BAPs), derived through enzymatic hydrolysis of food proteins, have demonstrated potential for application as health-promoting agents against numerous human health and disease conditions, including cardiovascular disease, inflammation, and cancer. The feasibility of pharmacological application of these peptides depends on absorption and bioavailability in intact forms in target tissues, which in turn depends on structure of the peptides. Therefore, production and processing of peptides based on important structure-function parameters can lead to the production of potent peptides. This article reviews the literature on BAPs with emphasis on strategic production and processing methods as well as antihypertensive, anticancer, anticalmodulin, hypocholesterolemic, and multifunctional properties of the food protein-derived peptides. It is recommended that future research efforts on BAP should be directed toward elucidation of their in vivo molecular mechanisms of action, safety at various doses, and pharmacological activity in maintaining homeostasis during aberrant health conditions in human subjects.     

乳清蛋白源生物活性肽段序列及其功能

乳清蛋白经酶解产生的肽类除了具有极高的营养价值之外．而且还具有一定的潜在生物活性。目前发现的乳清蛋白源生物活性肽主要有阿片肽、抗高血压肽、抗茵肽和免疫调节肽。综述了上述4种肽的氨基酸序列及其主要功能；对酶解过程中应注意的因素，如酶的类型、水解度、预处理方式、酶的灭活方式、底物纯度和水解过程等理化参数进行了归纳总结。     

Amaranth grain as a potential source of biologically active peptides: a review of their identification,production, bioactivity,and characterization

Amaranth is a pseudocereal sparsely commercialized at extensive levels. Its grain is characterized by having a high-protein content of good nutritional quality. Recently, the obtainment of biologically active peptides (BAPs) from proteins of this grain has been a popular research topic. This review focuses on the main procedures for identification and production of BAPs from amaranth grain, on the techniques used for their characterization and on the beneficial health effects found in vitro and in vivo. In conclusion, the published scientific studies allow to considered amaranth as a potential source of BAPs.     

Graduate Student Literature Review: The milk behind the mustache: A review of milk and bone biology

Exploring the relationship between nutrition, skeletal development, and aging is important in maintaining bone health. Even further, understanding the complexity of skeletal homeostasis may assist in reducing the prevalence of skeletal disease, especially osteoporosis. The skeleton is unique in that it can adapt to various physical pressures, maintain shape, and remodel itself to increase integrity and strength. For decades, it was thought that increasing skeletal health was as simple as drinking three 8-oz. glasses of milk per day due to high levels of bioavailable calcium. New research into the bioactive components of milk have revealed other roles in promoting skeletal health. Milk contains various bioactive peptides, houses genetic information in milk-derived exosomes, and supplies relevant amounts of nutrients important for bone health. In this review, we discuss the basics of skeletal formation and homeostasis, dive into the potential effects of milk on the growing skeleton, and present contrasting findings.     

Immunomodulation by hydrolysates and peptides derived from milk proteins

Milk protein‐derived peptides have shown immunomodulatory properties either singly or in a mixture. However, information on the behaviour of these compounds is scarce, complicating their further study. This review presents current knowledge on immunomodulatory milk protein‐derived peptides, including hydrolysates, peptide fractions and single peptides. The evidence shows that hydrolysates derived from both casein and whey proteins show immunomodulatory effects; however, this bioactivity is mainly attributed to peptides derived from caseins. The identification of peptides in hydrolysates, as well as their characterisation and knowledge of the mechanisms behind their bioactivity, is necessary to further exploit their potential health benefits.     

乳源性ACE抑制肽和抗氧化肽结构与生理活性关系的研究

乳蛋白中的血管紧张素转化酶(angiotensin converting enzyme,ACE)抑制肽和抗氧化肽的一级结构会对它们的活性产生重要的影响。文章综述了肽段的氨基酸组成、种类、疏水性氨基酸含量、存在位置等对其活性的影响,并总结了近几年鉴别出的新的活性肽段。由于多肽的结构和组成对其生理活性产生明显的影响,因此对其结构和活性之间的关系的研究,将会对今后获得更高活性的生理活性肽提供帮助。      

薯类蛋白对人体健康的影响及作用机制研究进展

薯类作物又称根茎类作物,主要包括甘薯、马铃薯、木薯等。薯类作物富含淀粉,是目前我国食品工业中提取淀粉的重要原料之一。在提取淀粉的过程中,大量的薯类可溶性蛋白质流失到工艺废水中,如果直接排放,就会造成严重的水污染,是亟待开发利用的一大天然食物蛋白质资源。近年来,许多学者对马铃薯、甘薯等薯类蛋白的理化特性、营养价值及保健功能进行了研究,发现这些薯类蛋白不仅具有优良的理化和功能特性,可以作为天然食品添加剂在食品工业中发挥重要作用,还具有不错的营养价值和多种特殊生物活性,可以在改进营养及预防和治疗某些疾病方面发挥有益作用。本文将从对人体健康的影响角度出发,重点介绍各种主要的薯类蛋白的营养价值及生物活性,并对它们的作用机制进行分析。     

Prevention of lipid oxidation in muscle foods by milk proteins and peptides: A review

Muscle foods (especially fresh meat, precooked, and restructured meat products) are highly prone to lipid oxidation, which ultimately leads to certain problems, viz. discoloration, off-flavor, drip losses, loss of essential fatty acids and vitamins, and generation of toxic products. These problems can be minimized with the help of various agents and or techniques such as use of natural/synthetic antioxidants, metal chelating agents, physical conditions, vacuum packaging, and encapsulation techniques. Among these, the role of synthetic antioxidants is quite debatable due to certain health risks to humans. Among the natural molecules, milk proteins and their bioactive peptides offer a promising potential for the meat industry. Various forms of milk proteins and peptides including caseinates, whey proteins, skim milk, and milk co-precipitates can be used to prevent lipid oxidation in meat products either in the form of added ingredients or as edible coatings. However, in addition to prevention of lipid oxidation, they also provide nutritional benefits and improve the technological processing and shelflife of meat and meat products. This review focuses on the utilization, mechanism of action, and efficacy of milk proteins and peptides to inhibit lipid oxidation in muscle food products.     

Current understanding of transport and bioavailability of bioactive peptides derived from dairy proteins: a review

Dairy protein-derived bioactive peptides (DBPs) have potential benefits for human health. However, their transport mechanisms and bioavailability from intestinal lumen to bloodstream are not well understood. This review summarises current understanding of their transport mechanisms across the intestinal membrane (peptide transport 1, paracellular route, transcytosis and passive transcellular diffusion) and the bioavailability of DBPs in animal and human studies. Some DBPs can escape the degradation of peptidase and reach the bloodstream at concentrations of micromolar range, and keep intact for several minutes to hours. The presences of brush-border peptidases at the site of absorption and other peptidases in the blood, along with the peptide properties, such as molecular size and weight, stability to proteases, hydrophobicity and charge, determine their bioavailability. Developing novel analytical tools for accurate measurement and study of the transport, metabolism, and bioavailability of DBPs in vivo are expected.     

Invited review: Dairy intake and bone health: a viewpoint from the state of the art

The aim of this review was to focus on the complex relationships between milk and dairy products intake and bone health, with particular emphasis on osteoporosis. The literature was extensively examined to provide an objective overview of the most significant achievements on the subject. Osteoporosis can be defined as a disease characterized by low bone mass and microarchitectural deterioration of bone tissue, leading to enhanced bone fragility and a consequent increase in fracture risk. Although the major determinants of peak bone mass and strength are genetic, major factors during childhood and adolescence may affect the ability to achieve peak bone mass. These include nutrition, particularly calcium and protein intake, physical activity, endocrine status, as well as exposure to a wide variety of risk factors. The role of calcium intake in determining bone mineral mass is well recognized to be the most critical nutritional factor to achieve optimal peak bone mass. The greatest amount of dietary calcium is obtained from milk and dairy foods, which also provide the human diet with vitamin D (particularly for products fortified with vitamin D), potassium, and other macro- and micronutrients. Although studies supporting the beneficial effects of milk or calcium on bone health are predominant in the literature, perplexity or discordance on this subject was expressed by some authors. Discordant data, mainly on the risk of fractures, provided limited proof of the unfavorable effect of dairy intake. More often, discordant works indicate no effect of dairy consumption on bone safety. Some considerations can be drawn from this viewpoint. Milk and dairy products are an optimal source of calcium as well as of other limiting nutrients (e.g., potassium and magnesium), with important effects on bone health. Bioactive components occurring in milk and dairy products may play an essential role on bone metabolism, as shown by in vivo and in vitro studies on colostrum acidic proteins and milk basic proteins. Calcium intake positively affects bone mass and is crucial in childhood and youth for correct bone development. In elderly people, calcium intake as well as vitamin D availability should be carefully checked. As a general conclusion, calcium is essential for bone health, although it will not prevent bone loss due to other factors; in this context, milk and dairy foods are bioavailable, relatively inexpensive sources of calcium for the human diet.     

Tea and bone health: Findings from human studies,potential mechanisms,and identification of knowledge gaps

The population of the developed world is aging. With this aging population, strategies for prevention rather than treatment of chronic disease, such as osteoporosis, are essential for preserving quality of life and reducing health care costs. Tea is the second most consumed beverage in the world and is a rich source of flavonoids that may benefit bone health. There is strong evidence from human studies that habitual tea consumption is positively associated with higher BMD at multiple skeletal sites, while the association with fracture risk is less clear. Fracture studies demonstrate a reduction or no difference in fragility fracture with tea consumption. There are key questions that need to be answered in future studies to clarify if higher consumption of tea not only supports a healthy BMD, but also reduces the risk of fragility fracture. And if the latter relationship is shown to exist, studies to elucidate mechanisms can be designed and executed. This review discusses findings from epidemiological studies as well as potential mechanisms by which flavonoids in tea may mediate an effect, and identifies key knowledge gaps in this research area.     

Identification of Anticancer Peptides from Bovine Milk Proteins and Their Potential Roles in Management of Cancer: A Critical Review

Cancer is the most widely recognized reason for human deaths globally. Conventional anticancer therapies, including chemotherapy and radiation, are very costly and induce severe side effects on the individual. The discovery of natural anticancer compounds like peptides may thus be a better alternative for cancer prevention and management. The anticancer peptides also exist in the amino acid chain of milk proteins and can be generated during proteolytic activities such as gastrointestinal digestion or food processing including fermentation. This paper presents an exhaustive overview of the contemporary literature on antitumor activities of peptides released from milk proteins. In addition, caseins and whey proteins have been evaluated for anticancer potential using the AntiCP database, a web‐based prediction server. Proline and lysine, respectively, dominate at various positions in anticancer peptides obtained from caseins and whey proteins. The remarkable number of potential anticancer peptides revealed milk proteins as favorable candidates for the development of anticancer agents or milk and milk products for reduction of cancer risks. Moreover, anticancer peptides liberated from milk proteins can be identified from fermented dairy products. Although current findings of correlation between dairy food intakes and cancer risks lack consistency, dairy‐derived peptides show promise as candidates for cancer therapy. This critical review supports the notion that milk proteins are not only a nutritious part of a normal daily diet but also have potential for prevention and/or management of cancer.     

An updated review on food-derived bioactive peptides: Focus on the regulatory requirements,safety, and bioavailability

Food-derived bioactive peptides (BAPs) are recently utilized as functional food raw materials owing to their potential health benefits. Although there is a huge amount of scientific research about BAPs’ identification, purification, characterization, and physiological functions, and subsequently, many BAPs have been marketed, there is a paucity of review on the regulatory requirements, bioavailability, and safety of BAPs. Thus, this review focuses on the toxic peptides that could arise from their primary proteins throughout protein extraction, protein pretreatment, and BAPs’ formulation. Also, the influences of BAPs’ length and administration dosage on safety are summarized. Lastly, the challenges and possibilities in BAPs’ bioavailability and regulatory requirements in different countries were also presented. Results revealed that the human studies of BAPs are essential for approvals as healthy food and to prevent the consumers from misinformation and false promises. The BAPs that escape the gastrointestinal tract epithelium and move to the stomach are considered good peptides and get circulated into the blood using different pathways. In addition, the hydrophobicity, net charge, molecular size, length, amino acids composition/sequences, and structural characteristics of BAPs are critical for bioavailability, and appropriate food-grade carriers can enhance it. The abovementioned features are also vital to optimize the solubility, water holding capacity, emulsifying ability, and foaming property of BAPs in food products. In the case of safety, the possible allergenic and toxic peptides often exhibit physiological functions and could be produced during the hydrolysis of food proteins. It was also noted that the production of iso-peptides bonds and undesirable Maillard reaction might occur during protein extraction, sample pretreatments, and peptide synthesis.