垃圾填埋场中有机污染物的生物降解

概述了垃圾填埋场中微生物对污染物的吸收与生物化学作用,有机污染物的生物降解的基本原理及其影响因素,介绍了垃圾生物降解的四种基本动力学方程,提出了要重视我国在填埋场有机物降解机理方面的研究.     

垃圾填埋场中有机污染物的生物降解

概述了垃圾填埋场中微生物对污染物的吸收与生物化学作用,有机污染物的生物降解的基本原理及其影响因素,介绍了垃圾生物降解的四种基本动力学方程,提出了要重视我国在填埋场有机物降解机理方面的研究。     

隔水帷幕技术在非正规垃圾填埋场治理中的工程应用

基于非正规垃圾填埋场的危害,并结合在非正规垃圾填埋场治理中常用的搬迁减量技术、好氧稳定化技术和原位封场治理技术的优缺点,提出在非正规垃圾填埋场治理中应用隔水帷幕技术,分析了应用该技术的基本条件是垃圾填埋场底部要有合适的防渗性较好的黏性土层,并通过工程应用详述了隔水帷幕技术在垃圾填埋场搬迁减量治理中的适用性。隔水帷幕技术可有效阻止垃圾填埋土和渗滤液对填埋场周边土层的污染,阻断填埋场周边地下水与渗滤液的水力联系,有效管控垃圾填埋土中污染物的扩散。     

垃圾土变形特性及防渗膜受力的试验研究

垃圾填埋场中垃圾土的降解是垃圾填埋场沉降的主要原因，而垃圾填埋场的沉降对HPDE衬垫膜的受力和工作状态有显著的影响，HPDE衬垫膜的设计需要考虑垃圾填埋场沉降的作用，文章通过垃圾土中有机物的降解试验和垃圾土柱沉降试验，推求了考虑垃圾土压缩和降解的变形计算方法，进行了垃圾填埋场的离心模型试验，探讨了垃圾填埋场中垃圾体的变形分布规律和衬垫膜的受力特征，对衬垫膜的设计计算方法进行了研究。     

生活垃圾卫生填埋场环境监测的探讨

从国内城市生活垃圾填埋场的现状和发展情况出发，扼要地分析了生活垃圾填埋场的主要污染源及其对环境的影响，指出环境监测在填埋场运营过程中的重要性，对适应我国国情的垃圾填埋场环境监测工作进行了探讨     

不同改性剂改善填埋污泥臭度的实验研究

未经生物稳定化的污泥处置于填埋场时存在着恶臭污染的问题，从废物利用、以废治废的宗旨出发，选用粉煤灰、矿化垃圾和建筑垃圾三种改性剂并以泥土为对照，与污泥混合，可有效地降低污泥的臭度，对污泥臭度的改善能力由强到弱的顺序是粉煤灰、矿化垃圾、建筑垃圾和泥土。其中矿化垃圾具有易于就地取材，数量充足，不额外占用填埋空间的优点，将污泥处置于已有垃圾填埋场时，可优先考虑矿化垃圾与污泥混合填埋的方法，矿化垃圾混合比例的增大，有利于改性污泥的臭度降低，但污泥臭气中硫化氢浓度的降低幅度越来越小，添加量为7：10时，硫化氢的去除率达96％，按满足填埋强度要求的最低混合比例添加四种改性剂后，污泥的臭度降低到三级以下，符合填埋场恶臭污染物排放标准。     

矿化垃圾处理渗滤液中有机污染物的GC-MS研究

以上海市老港填埋场中矿化垃圾反应床处理渗滤液为例，定性分析了该反应床进水和出水中有机污染物组分，同时半定量分析了该反应床对有机污染物的去除效果，分析结果显示：从宏观尺度上，矿化垃圾反应床很好的去除了渗滤液中的污染物质，渗滤液经过矿化垃圾反应床后，14种有机污染物得到完全去除，3种有机物的含量降低，产生1种新物质，邻苯二甲酸二辛酯在进水和出水中同时存在，从谱图上可以看出其出水浓度降低，在不同pH值萃取条件下，从进、出水谱图的对比中可以发现，进水中大部分有机污染物得到去除。     

深圳下坪垃圾填埋场滑坡成因分析及综合治理

在对深圳下坪垃圾填埋场滑坡进行滑坡成因和滑体稳定性分析的基础上，经方案比较，采用了适合垃圾填埋场生产工艺特点的、快速的、节省投资的综合治理措施，使垃圾填埋场仍安全生产。     

垃圾土变形特性及防渗膜受力的试验研究

垃圾填埋场中垃圾土的降解是垃圾填埋场沉降的主要原因,而垃圾填埋场的沉降对HPDE衬垫膜的受力和工作状态有显著的影响,HPDE衬垫膜的设计需要考虑垃圾填埋场沉降的作用,文章通过垃圾土中有机物的降解试验和垃圾土柱沉降试验,推求了考虑垃圾土压缩和降解的变形计算方法,进行了垃圾填埋场的离心模型试验,探讨了垃圾填埋场中垃圾体的变形分布规律和衬垫膜的受力特征,对衬垫膜的设计计算方法进行了研究。     

垃圾土变形特性及防渗膜受力的试验研究

垃圾填埋场中垃圾土的降解是垃圾填埋场沉降的主要原因,而垃圾填埋场的沉降对HPDE衬垫膜的受力和工作状态有显著的影响,HPDE衬垫膜的设计需要考虑垃圾填埋场沉降的作用,文章通过垃圾土中有机物的降解试验和垃圾土柱沉降试验,推求了考虑垃圾土压缩和降解的变形计算方法,进行了垃圾填埋场的离心模型试验,探讨了垃圾填埋场中垃圾体的变形分布规律和衬垫膜的受力特征,对衬垫膜的设计计算方法进行了研究.     

Modeling of Biodegradation in an Old Unregulated European Landfill

In this note an example of modeling of biodegradation processes of an old abandoned municipal solid waste landfill for its simulation is illustrated using the landfill dynamic simulation tool MODUELO. In this program the waste biodegradation model is based on the quantification of organic matter, its chemical composition, biodegradability, accessibility to microorganisms, and the ratio nonbiodegradable leachable organic matter to gasifiable matter. Data from a characterization campaign, presented elsewhere, were used to determine these parameters. The experimental information was completed with safety factors (to compensate for sampling uncertainty) and literature values. The degradation rates were determined, after having calibrated the hydrological model, by fitting the temporal series of pollutants’ concentration measured in the leachate and the biogas composition. The achieved fit of the simulated series compared to the measured data is reported as the result of this work. Given the limited information available, the obtained simulation model is considered an acceptable tool to study the future evolution of the landfill in different circumstances.     

Secondary Compression of Municipal Solid Wastes and a Compression Model for Predicting Settlement of Municipal Solid Waste Landfills

The estimation of the capacity and settlement of landfills is critical to successful site operation and future development of a landfill. This paper reports the results of a study on biodegradation behavior and the compression of municipal solid wastes. An experimental apparatus was developed which had a temperature-control system, a leachate recycling system, a loading system, and a gas and liquid collection system. Experiments were performed both with and without optimal biodegradation for comparative purposes. Test results indicated that settlement resulting from creep was relatively insignificant when the biodegradation process was inhibited. Compression due to decomposition under optimal biodegradation conditions was found to be much larger than compression associated with creep. The biodegradation process was significantly influenced by the operational temperature. A one-dimensional model is proposed for calculating settlement and estimating the capacity of the landfill under relatively optimal biodegradation conditions. The model was developed to accommodate the calculation of settlement in landfills when a multistep filling procedure was used. The calculation method is relatively simple and convenient for design purposes. Simulations of the physical processes showed that enhancing solid waste biodegradation during the filling stage can considerably increase the capacity of the landfill and reduce postclosure settlements.     

Gas-Phase Mass Transfer Processes in Landfill Microbiology

This report assesses gas-phase mass transfer processes in landfills with respect to their influence on waste biodegradation. Gas-phase transport must dominate in many regions of the waste because aqueous-phase transport is restricted, the environment is largely unsaturated, and substantial quantities of gas are produced. Analysis of landfill gas and landfill gas condensate at four municipal solid waste landfills in the eastern United States demonstrated that both volatile fatty acids and microorganisms are transported in the gas phase. The heterogeneity, mass transfer limitations, and significant thermal gradients in waste environments imply that gas-phase processes can play crucial roles in waste decomposition, for example by regulating local pH and distributing trace nutrients. A conceptual framework describing these processes is presented. Implications for waste management, landfill design, energy production, air emissions, and anaerobic microbiology are discussed.     

Prediction of Leachate Quality from Sanitary Landfills

A simple mathematical model was developed to simulate solid waste decomposition in landfills. Two processes were taken into account: (1) The exchange of the organic matter between the solid and the liquid phases; and (2) the depletion of the dissolved organic matter due to biological decomposition and flushing. Two equations using first-order kinetics were employed to describe these processes. The landfill was considered as a single fully mixed reactor. The model, which has a smaller set of parameters than other models proposed in the literature, was calibrated using the results obtained from six pilot laboratory-scale lysimeters. The fitting accuracy is indicative of the model reliability. Values for the kinetic parameters are proposed for characteristic types of solid wastes and landfill management practices.     

准好氧填埋场稳定化指标的室内模拟研究

准好氧填埋场是传统填埋场可持续发展的一个重要的方向,本文结合准好氧填埋场的室内模拟实验结果以及理论分析,提出了准好氧填埋场稳定化评价指标的四条选取原则,在模拟实验的基础上,从渗滤液性质、垃圾降解特性、填埋场地沉降三个方面建立了准好氧的评价指标体系,所包含的指标有:渗滤液COD、氨氮、TVS/TDS,固相垃圾BDM,场地沉降量。     

矿化垃圾在土壤修复中的应用前景

综述了垃圾堆场渗滤液、垃圾填埋气体以及垃圾残留固体可能对土壤造成污染的研究进展,提出了采用矿化垃圾治理和修复垃圾堆场的污染土壤,在实现矿化垃圾的资源化的同时实现污染土壤的无害化．具有很好的应用前景。     

Dynamic Simulation of Landfill Waste Stabilization

A system dynamics model is developed and tested to determine the significant processes and appropriate level of detail required to capture dynamic behavior important in managing biodegradation in landfills. Uniform, spherical, solid waste particles are assumed to hydrolyze from the outer surface to produce simple sugars; fermentation, acetogenesis, and methanogenesis produce methane and carbon dioxide as end products. Representative reactions, sufficient to carry all hydrolyzed small chain carbon molecules to stabilization, are used for stoichiometric relationships. Microbial populations consume their respective substrates according to classical Monod kinetics. Results of simulation experiments suggest that hydrogen inhibition of fermentation and acetogenesis is critical to the empirically observed time course of landfill gas generation. In addition, an uninhibited anaerobic pathway producing CO2 without the production of H2 is required to produce the large CO2 peak often seen early in the stabilization process. Further simulation experiments suggest appropriate model refinement that allows efficient exploration of management strategies to enhance landfill stabilization. For example, forced ventilation during any phase of degradation can be shown to decrease efficiency or inhibit overall degradation.     

The University of Minnesota Biocatalysis/Biodegradation Database: specialized metabolism for functional genomics

The University of Minnesota Biocatalysis/Biodegradation Database (UM-BBD, http://www.labmed.umn.edu/umbbd/i nde x.html) first became available on the web in 1995 to provide information on microbial biocatalytic reactions of, and biodegradation pathways for, organic chemical compounds, especially those produced by man. Its goal is to become a representative database of biodegradation, spanning the diversity of known microbial metabolic routes, organic functional groups, and environmental conditions under which biodegradation occurs. The database can be used to enhance understanding of basic biochemistry, biocatalysis leading to speciality chemical manufacture, and biodegradation of environmental pollutants. It is also a resource for functional genomics, since it contains information on enzymes and genes involved in specialized metabolism not found in intermediary metabolism databases, and thus can assist in assigning functions to genes homologous to such less common genes. With information on >400 reactions and compounds, it is poised to become a resource for prediction of microbial biodegradation pathways for compounds it does not contain, a process complementary to predicting the functions of new classes of microbial genes.     

矿化垃圾处理渗滤液中有机污染物的GC-MS研究

以上海市老港填埋场中矿化垃圾反应床处理渗滤液为例,定性分析了该反应床进水和出水中有机污染物组分,同时半定量分析了该反应床对有机污染物的去除效果,分析结果显示:从宏观尺度上,矿化垃圾反应床很好的去除了渗滤液中的污染物质,渗滤液经过矿化垃圾反应床后,14种有机污染物得到完全去除,3种有机物的含量降低,产生1种新物质,邻苯二甲酸二辛酯在进水和出水中同时存在,从谱图上可以看出其出水浓度降低,在不同pH值萃取条件下,从进、出水谱图的对比中可以发现,进水中大部分有机污染物得到去除。