21世纪的炼铁技术

２１世纪，高炉仍然是最主要的生产铁水设备，熔融还原将开发成功并工业化生产。     

Antidepressant treatments in the 21st century

The goal of this review is to provide a provocative discussion of the status of antidepressant treatments in the next century. The first a part of the review evaluates the progress (or lack of progress) made in antidepressant medications since the 1950s, when the first chemical antidepressants were discovered by serendipity. The second part then attempts to predict what may be needed to accomplish greater progress in the future, and outlines the types of approaches that could be used to develop truly novel, and more effective, treatments of depression.     

Snake oil for the 21st century

Evidence-based medicine is the use of the best current evidence in making decisions about the care of individual patients. Practicing EBM requires recognition that in most encounters with patients, questions arise that should be answered to provide the patient with the best available medical care. Asking well-built clinical questions that contain 4 elements--a patient or problem, an intervention, a comparison intervention (if necessary), and an outcome--is an important step in practicing EMB. Once appropriate questions have been formulated, the best source for finding most types of best evidence is by searching the MEDLINE database by computer. MEDLINE searches have inherent software and operator limitations that make their reliability quite variable. One should be aware of these limitations and improve one's skills in searching. The Cochrane Collaboration Controlled Clinical Trials Registry contains more than 190,000 controlled clinical trials and is the best source of evidence about treatment. The quality (strength) of evidence is based on a hierarchy of evidence: results of systematic reviews of well-designed clinical studies, results of 1 or more well-designed clinical studies, results of large case series, expert opinion, and personal experience. Once the best evidence has been found, the EBM approach involves critically appraising the quality of the evidence, determining its magnitude and precision, and applying it to the specific patient. Guidelines to critically appraise and apply evidence are available. The clinical question, best evidence, and its critical appraisal should be saved in a format that can be easily retrieved for future use.     

A 21st century computerized injection system for local pain control

This article describes a new computerized local anesthetic injection system for pain control. The core technology of this system is the microprocessor-controlled delivery of anesthetic solution at a constant pressure and controlled volume, regardless of encountered variations in tissue resistance. This fine-tuned, high suffusion flow rate of anesthetic provides a rapid onset of anesthesia for most patients. Traditional block injections and infiltrations as well as palatal injections and periodontal ligament injections are administered with precision, ease, and patient comfort.     

Magnetography--a potential diagnostic method in the 21st century

Electric currents in human body are generated by variations in membrane and action potentials. These bioelectric currents cause magnetic field which could be detected both inside and outside human body, on a certain distance. Measurements of biomagnetic fields are still at an experimental stage, but soon, with improvements in technology, they will become very important diagnostic tools, like registrations of surface electric potentials already are. Registration of magnetogram is performed without a direct contact of the probe and the surface, which enables measurements on the top of clothes, bandages and casts. Magnetic field probe can be easily moved from one part of the body to another, enabling so tracing of the observed signal. Similar mobility is not possible in electrography.     

Agricultural sciences and education in the 21st century

Rapid, ever-accelerating changes in science and technology will make current educational knowledge and systems obsolete as quickly as we reinvent them. Changes in demographics in our nation and changes in international trade will require us to encourage participation by all Americans, regardless of race or gender. Historically, change in higher education has faced strong resistance, but the establishment of the Land-Grant University system, the G.I. Bill, and other changes have encouraged participation by new groups of Americans. In order to take full advantage of all of the talent necessary to address the needs of a changing world, animal science departments and agricultural colleges must seek new partnerships to enhance recruitment of people from diverse groups, ensure that courses and curricula address the future, and encourage and promote women and minority faculty. Members of the American Society of Animal Science should continue to lead such changes.     

Children with chronic conditions in the 21st century

The care of children who have chronic conditions should focus on improving the lives of the children and their families. This is accomplished most effectively through community-based, family-centered care. Critical issues for these children and families in entering the next century include the level of insurance, content of benefits package, level of evidence required for health insurance reimbursement, preparation of and incentives for health care professionals, roles being demanded of families. As the richest country in the world, we should be able to (1) provide universal coverage, (2) guarantee a comprehensive benefits package that applies a child-specific standard of medical necessity, (3) establish criteria for requiring insurers to reimburse for new effective therapies, (4) develop strategies for overcoming professional barriers, and (5) create mechanisms for compensating family caretakers for their care.