GIS-based analysis of forest degradations in Baihe Forestry Bureau,Northeast China

Forests in the Changbai Mountains are important timber sources for economic development of the society and provide ecological services in northeast China. In order to strengthen forest resource management, this paper analyzed management-induced changes in forest structure, tree species composition and forest landscape pattern from 1987 to 2000 for Baihe Forestry Bureau in Jilin Province based on digitized forest parcel maps and forest survey data. The results suggested that the area of Mature, High-Stocking, and Close-Canopy Forests decreased by 31.4%, 55.9% and 10.7% respectively; volume of Mixed Forest, the native forest vegetation type, decreased by 17.8%; the number of patches increased tremendously but the mean patch density decreased sharply for Mature, High-Stocking, Close-Canopy, and Mixed Forests. All the changes in forest structure, species composition, and landscape pattern indicated severe degradations going on with the forests in Baihe Forestry Bureau. Because of the effect of degradation to forest services, restoring forest resources and protecting biodiversity has become urgently important. The strategies of sustainable forest management need to be worked out and implemented.     

GIS-based analysis of forest degradations in Baihe Forestry Bureau,Northeast China

Forests in the Changbai Mountains are important timber sources for economic development of the society and provide ecological services in northeast China. In order to strengthen forest resource management, this paper analyzed management-induced changes in forest structure, tree species composition and forest landscape pattern from 1987 to 2000 for Baihe Forestry Bureau in Jilin Province based on digitized forest parcel maps and forest survey data. The results suggested that the area of Mature, High-Stocking, and Close-Canopy Forests decreased by 31.4%, 55.9% and 10.7% respectively; volume of Mixed Forest, the native forest vegetation type, decreased by 17.8%; the number of patches increased tremendously but the mean patch density decreased sharply for Mature, High-Stocking, Close-Canopy, and Mixed Forests. All the changes in forest structure, species composition, and landscape pattern indicated severe degradations going on with the forests in Baihe Forestry Bureau. Because of the effect of degradation to forest services, restoring forest resources and protecting biodiversity has become urgently important. The strategies of sustainable forest management need to be worked out and implemented.

     

2000—2008年长白山地区EVI变化特征研究

利用2000—2008年250 m分辨率MODIS EVI数据,结合谐波分析、影像处理和多种统计方法分析长白山地区的植被覆盖年内和年际变化特征,并结合区划图和植被类型图对不同区域和不同植被类型的植被覆盖变化进行分析.分析显示:近9年长白山地区植被覆盖总体呈上升趋势,其中夏季上升最为显著;和龙林业局的植被覆盖较好,长白山保护区和白河林业局的植被覆盖处于较高的增长趋势,而朝鲜一侧的植被覆盖较差且增长缓慢;阔叶林和针阔混交林的植被覆盖高于针叶林、荒草地、沼泽地、高山岳桦林和高山苔原,其中高山岳桦林和高山苔原的植被覆盖正处于较快的增长趋势.     

Mapping forest fire risk zones with spatial data and principal component analysis

By integrating forest inventory data with remotely sensed data, new data layers for factors that affect forest fire potentials were generated for Baihe Forestry Bureau in Jilin Province of China. The principle component analysis was used to sort out the relationships between forest fire potentials and environmental factors. The classifications of these factors were performed with GIS, generating three maps: a fuel-based fire risk map, a topography-based fire risk map, and an anthropogenic-factor fire risk map. These three maps were then synthesized to generate the final fire risk map. The linear regression method was used to analyze the relationship between an area-weighted value of forest fire risks and the frequency of historical forest fires at each forest farm. The results showed that the most important factor contributing to forest fire ignition was topography, followed by anthropogenic factors.     

Mapping forest fire risk zones with spatial data and principal component analysis

By integrating forest inventory data with remotely sensed data, new data layers for factors that affect forest fire potentials were generated for Baihe Forestry Bureau in Jilin Province of China. The principle component analysis was used to sort out the relationships between forest fire potentials and environmental factors. The classifications of these factors were performed with GIS, generating three maps: a fuel-based fire risk map, a topography-based fire risk map, and an anthropogenic-factor fire risk map. These three maps were then synthesized to generate the final fire risk map. The linear regression method was used to analyze the relationship between an area-weighted value of forest fire risks and the frequency of historical forest fires at each forest farm. The results showed that the most important factor contributing to forest fire ignition was topography, followed by anthropogenic factors.     

On island landscape pattern of forests in Helan Mountain and its cause of formation

Based on the spatial information techniques such as RS, GIS, and GPS, the forest landscape patterns in the Helan Mountain, western China, were studied. The Landsat 5 TM data were used to classify the forest landscapes through RS digital cartography, and then, the landscape characteristics and landscape pattern were analyzed quantificationally. Furthermore, through spatial data collection and spatial analysis of the main disturbances in this area, the cause of landscape formation was studied. The results showed that the total 1177 forest landscape patches could be classified into 21 landscape types, and the forest landscape in the Helan Mountain was island pattern, which was encircled by deserta as matrix. The values of landscape diversity index and landscape fragmentation index were 2.61 and 0.43, respectively. In this area, the landscape pattern was clearly formed and continuously changed in response to geological processes, climate, activities of organisms, forest fire, desertification, human activities and so on. This landscape pattern had an obviously negative effect on the stability and ecosystem services of forests. So, scientific landscape planning and protection should be adopted to improve the sustainability of forest management in this area.     

Development of a GIS-based decision-support system of forest resource management

Based on forest inventory data and a variety of spatial data layers, including topographic maps, forest type maps, forest themes, etc., a multilevel decision-support system (DSS) for forest resource management was developed for Shangzhi National Forestry Bureau, Heilongjiang Province, China. This paper induced the procedure of the DSS development and its main functions, including displaying, cartography, dual-comprehensive querying of spatial and attribute data, GPS positioning, statistical analysis, updating resource data, etc. The applications of the DSS in resources analysis and management proved effective both in forestry bureau and forest farm levels. Traditional approaches of forest resource management were accordingly updated and the digitization of forest management was realized in deed for state-owned forest industries. The system provides a basis for rational forest management towards sustainable forestry by means of stratified management.     

On island landscape pattern of forests in Helan Mountain and its cause of formation

Based on the spatial information techniques such as RS, GIS, and GPS, the forest landscape patterns in the Helan Mountain, western China, were studied. The Landsat 5 TM data were used to classify the forest landscapes through RS digital cartography, and then, the landscape characteristics and landscape pattern were analyzed quantificationally. Furthermore, through spatial data collection and spatial analysis of the main disturbances in this area, the cause of landscape formation was studied. The results showed that the total 1177 forest landscape patches could be classified into 21 landscape types, and the forest landscape in the Helan Mountain was island pattern, which was encircled by deserta as matrix. The values of landscape diversity index and landscape fragmentation index were 2.61 and 0.43, respectively. In this area, the landscape pattern was clearly formed and continuously changed in response to geological processes, climate, activities of organisms, forest fire, desertification, human activities and so on. This landscape pattern had an obviously negative effect on the stability and ecosystem services of forests. So, scientific landscape planning and protection should be adopted to improve the sustainability of forest management in this area.     

Development of a GIS-based decision-support system of forest resource management

Based on forest inventory data and a variety of spatial data layers, including topographic maps, forest type maps, forest themes, etc., a multilevel decision-support system (DSS) for forest resource management was developed for Shangzhi National Forestry Bureau, Heilongjiang Province, China. This paper induced the procedure of the DSS development and its main functions, including displaying, cartography, dual-comprehensive querying of spatial and attribute data, GPS positioning, statistical analysis, updating resource data, etc. The applications of the DSS in resources analysis and management proved effective both in forestry bureau and forest farm levels. Traditional approaches of forest resource management were accordingly updated and the digitization of forest management was realized in deed for state-owned forest industries. The system provides a basis for rational forest management towards sustainable forestry by means of stratified management.     

The roles of a decision support system in applying forest ecosystem management in Northeast China

Forest ecosystems provide a variety of services and forest ecosystem management (FEM) is an effective approach to maximize the services. Because of the complexity of forest ecosystems, the applications of FEM can be facilitated with decision support systems (DSS) that recognize and incorporate ecological and socio-economic variables. With the rapid development of computation and information technologies, DSS have been advanced in many ways. Traditional forest management within a forestry unit in China is planned on a yearly basis. The planning itself remains primarily a verbal concept as there are no quantitative decision-support tools available to translate the concept into forest management actions. For the purposes of FEM at the management level, a forest management DFF, FORESTAR, has been developed under a framework of geographic information system (GIS) and forest models. The paper explained the intelligent modeling mechanisms and demonstrated how the applications of FEM can be strengthened with the applications of FORESTAR.     

合肥城市森林景观格局分析

基于GIS技术平台对合肥市2004年航片进行目视判读,将研究区域内的景观要素类型分为8类,并建立相应的地理信息系统数据库.在统计相关数据的基础上分析合肥市城市森林景观格局的现状;据此提出,保护中心城区的城市森林,发展外围城市森林,运用乔木及乔灌木结合的种植设计,构筑城市森林体系.     

Forest visualization at multiple scales for management and planning

In this study forests were visualized at various scales by placing individual trees into a forest with realistic sizes and densities. Tree images were used from two sources: high quality field photos and images created using graphic design software. The terrain, species composition, and tree sizes and density from forest inventory were all represented in GIS data format. In addition, non-tree objects and features that are essential for close-to-reality visualization were combined with the tree images in a 3-D visualization software package. We further portrayed stand level effects by animating a simulated fly-through of a forest. To visualize temporal change, a case study of four different forest patches was animated. The advantages of this approach comparing to other visualization approaches are: (1) it represents the forests with realistic individual tree images; and (2) it maintains both visual and informational realism in a forest viewable from within-stand to landscape scales. Thus, this approach is realistic in two aspects. First, it is almost as realistic as a photograph, and secondly, its information content is actual forest composition, density, and height.     

气候变化及景观格局与生态安全的耦合关系

生态安全的本质集中在生态风险与生态脆弱性等方面,生态安全研究是低碳绿色发展的热点方向,对于优化景观生态空间结构与维护生态可持续性具有重要理论价值与现实意义.应用地理学、生态学以及遥感、GIS等多学科交叉与融合的原理与方法,研究气候变化与景观格局的特征与规律、气候变化与生态过程的耦合关系、景观格局与功能特征;分析景观格局、气候要素与生态系统中土壤、水文过程及植被过程的关系,气候变化对碳储量、NPP以及生态系统服务功能的影响,揭示气候变化对生态过程的影响规律.综合分析表明,气候要素影响生态安全的表现特征及其变化,景观格局是制约区域生态安全的基础,气候变化与景观格局对生态安全机制的影响具有复杂性.     

富克山西部原始森林开发对冻土环境的影响研究

林区开发使森林资源发生变化，周围的环境也发生改变。西林吉林业局富克山西部林区处于多年冻土区，气候严寒，土层瘠薄，森林更新缓慢，生态环境较为脆弱。林区森林资源开发后，植被、土壤、小气候等环境因子的变化将对冻土环境产生影响。     

林业局林火管理决策支持系统研究

林火管理在林业工作中占有非常重要的地位，而林业局的林火管理工作更是林火管理的基础。本文针对我国大兴安岭地区林火管理的实际，探讨了林业局林火管理决策支持系统诉功能和结构，给出了数据库，模型库和基本框架内容。     

基于非参数乘法回归模型的农业景观步甲空间分布模拟

农业生产引起的景观变化是导致生物多样性丧失的重要原因,为评估农业景观结构变化对物种多样性的影响,探索农业景观物种空间模拟的方法,研究应用非参数乘法回归(NPMR)模型结合田间步甲取样数据,分析了步甲群落多样性、主要物种存在/不存在与取样点周围边长为200 m景观内景观结构之间的关系,建立研究区物种-景观分布预测模型,结合地理信息系统(GIS)技术建立研究区群落/物种空间分布预测图。结果表明:在群落水平上,景观结构对步甲群落多样性的影响不显著; 在物种水平上,黄斑青步甲(Chlaenius micans)、淡鞘婪步甲(Harpalus pallidipennis)受斑块密度的影响显著(p<0.05),黄斑青步甲、后斑青步甲(Chlaenius posticalis)和单齿婪步甲(Harpalus simplicide)受半自然生境类型数的影响显著(p<0.05),单齿蝼步甲(Scarites terricola)受半自然生境比例的影响显著(p<0.05),而蠋步甲(Dolichus halensis)受景观结构的影响较为复杂。通过模型预测,输出研究区域6个主要物种的空间分布模拟图,进一步分析发现在研究区域内,对景观结构较为敏感的6个步甲物种主要分布在农田与半自然生境相接的狭长地带。因此,利用非参数乘法回归模型可以很好地模拟步甲物种对农田景观结构的响应及其在景观中的空间分布变化。200 m×200 m尺度下,尽管步甲群落多样性不受景观结构的显著影响,但是存在部分步甲物种对景观结构响应显著,但不同物种对景观结构的响应不同。增加农田地块间半自然生境,并合理改善景观配置异质性将有利于对景观结构变化敏感步甲物种的维持。     

基于RS和GIS的景观格局变化对城市湖泊水质影响的研究

基于多时相TM/ETM＋影像,运用支持向量机分类方法对蚌埠市景观进行分类,解译得到2004和2012年土地利用专题图,采用景观指数法分析了蚌埠市景观格局变化对城市湖泊水质的影响.研究表明：景观类型是影响水质的重要因素,城市化进程导致建设用地急速增长,占用了草地、耕地,使城区不透水面积增加,改变了城市地表径流和入渗原有的产汇流条件,导致城市湖泊水质下降.城市的景观平均分维数较低,反映出蚌埠市景观格局受人类干扰程度较大,科学合理地规划城市土地利用格局对城市综合水资源管理具有重要作用.     

Digital forestry research in China

Digital Forestry as a concept was developed after the Digital Earth program. The Chinese scientists were not only among the pioneers who first proposed the concept of Digital Forestry, but also contributed a lot to the development of Digital Forestry. Digital Forestry is a digital framework to maintain forest planting, management, using, and protect. The synergetic use of computationally-intensive quantitative methods together with information technologies is the most important foundation for the development of Digital Forestry. Under this situation, the experience of Digital Forestry development in China is relatively rich. A number of academicians, scholars, and professional administrators were involved in discussing the Digital Forestry Construction Scheme. The Project of Digital Forestry Practicability approved by the State Forestry Administration is a major instance in developing Digital Forestry standard and key techniques. By introducing a case study of Digital Forestry, this paper reviews the concept of Digital Forestry, the way turning traditional forestry into Digital Forestry, and the future development of Digital Forestry.     

龙川江流域的景观格局变化及其驱动力分析

以龙川江干流水文站——小黄瓜园站所控制的集水区为研究区,以1974年、1992年、2007年和2011年的卫星影像解译数据为信息源,选择6个斑块类型水平和8个景观水平的景观格局指数．分析研究区1974-2011年间的景观格局的变化特点,并对引起格局变化的驱动力进行剖析．结果表明：①1974-1992年,景观聚集度（AI）由89．1427％降为85．9012％,景观破碎化加重,其中耕地和草地破碎化最为严重．1992-2011年,景观AI值升为88．7651％,整体景观的破碎化程度有所减轻;耕地破碎化却更为严重,成为破碎度最高的景观类型,其斑块数目（NP）占研究区NP的35．97％;水域和建设用地的分布趋于分散,林地分布渐趋集中．②各类型所占景观面积比例（PLAND）在1974-2007年间由均衡趋向不均衡,在2007_2011年间有所改善．1974—2011年,林地逐渐取代耕地的优势地位,草地在整个流域所占的比重下降严重,而建设用地的比重则不断增大,其PLAND增加近140倍．⑧1974—2007年、2007—2011年,流域整体景观的形状渐趋复杂,景观均匀度后期较前期好．耕地和水域的形状后期较前期复杂,而林地和建设用地的形状则是后期较前期规则．④龙川江流域的地形地貌是景观格局变化的重要限制因素;人类的经济活动和政府的决策、政策是景观格局变化的主要驱动力．本文的研究结果可为合理开发利用龙川江流域国土资源、保护和建设生态环境提供有益参考．     

贡嘎山冰川森林区径流过程模拟

山地冰川森林的水文效应是陆地生态系统中森林和水的相互作用及其功能的综合体现。在不同的地区,由于气候、地势、地质条件、土壤和地形等因素的综合影响,山地冰川森林的存在和变化呈现出不同的水文生态响应。针对山地冰川森林区的水文特点,建立了了具有物理机制的山地冰川森林流域分布式DGF-SLEHM（Distributed Glacial Forest Space-Land-Ecology Hydrology Model）水文模型,它在一般模型的基础上,增加了反映山地冰川森林植被截留和植被蒸散发结构、森林土壤结构以及积雪融雪计算处理的模块。并以贡嘎山典型的山地冰川森林区———黄崩溜沟流域为例,对山地冰川森林影响水文作用的复杂过程及其水文生态效应展开模拟分析。从总径流量和年径流过程模拟的统计特征来看,该模型大体上反映出山地冰川森林区的径流过程,能够对地面水文过程进行系统仿真。