基于单目视觉的移动机器人测距方法

本文针对多机器人编队过程中的跟踪控制,提出了一种跟踪机器人采用单目视觉技术获取前方被跟踪机器人距离信息的方法.该方法首先对跟踪机器人摄像机进行内参数标定,并在目标机器人背部设置视觉标记.然后系统获取目标机器人的含有视觉标记的单帧图像,预处理此图像,并识别出图像中的视觉标记所在的目标区域,用Hu氏不变矩计算该区域形心.最后推导出单目测距算法,利用图像信息和其它参数可以计算出两机器人之间的距离.实验结果表明,所设计的单目测距系统能得到准确的距离,为跟踪控制提供了重要的反馈信息.     

基于示教与视觉纠偏的机器人自动焊接方法研究

给出了一种示教与纠偏相结合的焊缝跟踪方法,用于实现机器人的自动焊接．针对传统的示教再现机器人,由激光视觉传感器测量实际路径与示教路径之间的偏差．机器人控制器根据示教路径和偏差,对焊枪的运动方向和位置进行调整,实现焊缝跟踪．利用六自由度机器人和激光结构光视觉传感器设计了实验系统,对所提方法进行了实验．实验结果验证了该方法的有效性．     

基于深度相机的移动机器人视觉跟踪控制研究

基于视觉利用移动机器人进行运动目标跟踪,该文提出一种基于二自由度云台和RGB-D相机的运动目标视觉跟踪及移动机器人路径实时规划、跟踪方法。该方法利用核相关滤波算法在图像中实时追踪目标,控制二自由度云台使深度相机实时对准目标,并根据深度相机得到目标的深度信息,利用坐标转换得到目标相对于机器人的位置信息;其后移动机器人根据目标的位置信息,基于五次多项式进行路径规划;最后采用李雅普诺夫控制律对移动机器人进行轨迹跟踪控制,使得机器人能够平稳地跟踪目标运动。该算法在阿克曼移动机器人上进行了实验,实验结果验证了算法的有效性和实时性。     

基于路径边沿引导策略的蛇形机器人路径跟踪方法

为了控制蛇形机器人在路径边沿的引导下沿着期望路径运动,在基于角度对称性调节的方向控制方法的基础上,提出路径边沿引导策略.随着蛇形机器人的运动,路径的2个边沿交替作为有效边沿.利用传感器检测有效边沿,根据有效边沿获得临时目标点.临时目标点随着机器人的运动沿有效边沿不断更新.不断更新的临时目标点确定了路径的延伸方向.将临时目标点引入方向控制参数,从而使机器人根据路径边沿调节运动方向.仿真显示蛇形机器人能够在摩擦系数未知的地面上根据路径边沿调整运动方向.仿真结果验证该方法不仅能实现蛇形机器人跟踪期望路径,而且能实现蛇形机器人跟踪期望路径的中心线.     

一种引入通信的多移动机器人编队方法*

提出以视觉跟踪为基础并引入通信进行多机器人的编队控制方法,根据需要编写了一种新的通信协议,采用闭环l-Φ实现编队算法.这种多机器人编队控制避免了视觉系统的局限,能够更好地在复杂未知环境中协作完成任务,解决了编队控制的无反馈和实时性不高的问题,使得机器人能够准确迅速地进行跟踪和通信编队,一起顺利达到目标点.试验结果证明了该方法的有效性.     

纯方位角目标跟踪及移动平台可观性控制方法

为了解决未知环境下的单目视觉移动机器人目标跟踪问题,提出了一种将目标状态估计与机器人可观性控制相结合的机器人同时定位、地图构建与目标跟踪方法。在状态估计方面,以机器人单目视觉同时定位与地图构建为基础,设计了扩展式卡尔曼滤波框架下的目标跟踪算法;在机器人可观性控制方面,设计了基于目标协方差阵更新最大化的优化控制方法。该方法能够实现机器人在单目视觉条件下对自身状态、环境状态、目标状态的同步估计以及目标跟随。仿真和原型样机实验验证了目标状态估计和机器人控制之间的耦合关系,证明了方法的准确性和有效性,结果表明:机器人将产生螺旋状机动运动轨迹,同时,目标跟踪和机器人定位精度与机器人机动能力成正比例关系。     

弧焊机器人视觉系统

视觉传感控制是发展自适应机器人的一项关键技术.本文以弧焊机器人为背景,总结了视觉传感跟踪控制的发展过程,重点分析了弧焊机器人视觉系统的核心技术——3维信息获取及处理方法.     

口腔机器人手术中移动路径控制方法设计

口腔手术机器人是口腔医学的智能体工具，为了提高口腔机器人手术中移动路径自动控制水平，提出基于视觉感知和运动学模型规划的口腔机器人手术中移动路径控制方法。构建口腔机器人手术中移动的运动学规划模型，采用视觉伺服控制的方法提取口腔机器人手术中移动过程中的视觉特征参数，采用神经网络学习方法实现对口腔机器人手术中移动过程中的路径空间参数捕获和避障参数拟合，采用路径边缘引导的方法，结合目标点测距和视觉特征点匹配方法，实现对口腔机器人手术中移动路径的自适应控制和空间移动规划设计。测试结果表明，采用该方法口腔机器人手术中移动路径控制的环境适应性较强，控制鲁棒性较高，提高了口腔机器人手术过程中的精准性。     

两种连接形式的拖挂式移动机器人路径跟踪控制

拖挂式移动机器人是一种具有不同连接形式的多车体系统.本文对标准连接和非标准连接的拖挂式机器人,研究了前向和倒车路径的跟踪控制.首先,建立系统的运动学模型并进行运动特性分析;其次,基于Lyapunov方法提出一种与期望路径具有一致运动方向的单体机器人全局路径跟踪控制器;然后将其引入到两种拖挂式机器人的前向跟踪控制中,并分别通过运动学变换和反演控制实现了两种连接形式下的倒车跟踪控制,从而使多节车体始终保持一致的运动方向,避免了不合理位形的出现.仿真结果表明该方法的有效性.     

基于FPGA+ARM的视觉导航轮式机器人

根据自动运输的需求,以FPGA+ARM为核心,设计一种基于视觉导航的自主式轮式机器人,使用FPGA控制图像的实时采集、存储和显示,用ARM实现路径识别、通信并控制执行机构和传感器。路径识别的基本思想是采样二值化并去噪,再检测出场景中的路径,由路径跟踪模块进行导航计算。实验结果表明,该机器人的控制准确可靠,能正确地跟踪预先设置的引导轨线。     

A system decomposition method for region tracking control of a non-holonomic mobile robot with dynamic parameter uncertainties

The tracking control problem of non-holonomic mobile robot systems has been extensively investigated in the past decades, however, most of the existing control strategies were developed specifically for the fixed-point tracking. This technical note focuses on the region tracking control for a non-holonomic mobile robot system with parameter uncertainties in the robot dynamics. With the system decomposition and adaptive control method, some restrictions imposed on the angular and linear velocities of the non-holonomic mobile robot in recent literature are removed, enabling to track dynamic trajectories with any values of the angular and line velocities. The proposed adaptive control scheme can simultaneously solve both the regulation and region tracking problems of a non-holonomic mobile robot with one passive wheel and two actuated wheels. By utilizing the designed control laws, the mobile robot system is able to globally reach inside a moving region specified by potential functions whose path can be a circular curve, a straight line, or sinusoidal curve, by using a single adaptive controller. Since the dynamic region can be specified arbitrarily small, the fixed-point tracking can be regarded as a special case of region tracking studied in this paper. Compared with the traditional fixed-point tracking, region tracking has more flexibility and better robustness. Numerical results are presented to show the effectiveness of the designed strategy.     

A Smooth Path Tracking Algorithm for Wheeled Mobile Robots with Dynamic Constraints

In order to avoid wheel slippage or mechanical damage during the mobile robot navigation, it is necessary tosmoothly change driving velocity or direction of the mobile robot. This means that dynamic constraints of the mobile robotshould be considered in the design of path tracking algorithm. In the study, a path tracking problem is formulated asfollowing a virtual target vehicle which is assumed to move exactly along the path with specified velocity. The drivingvelocity control law is designed basing on bang-bang control considering the acceleration bounds of driving wheels. Thesteering control law is designed by combining the bang-bang control with an intermediate path called the landing curve whichguides the robot to smoothly land on the virtual target's tangential line. The curvature and convergence analyses providesufficient stability conditions for the proposed path tracking controller. A series of path tracking simulations and experimentsconducted for a two-wheel driven mobile robot show the validity of the proposed algorithm.     

光伏阵列清洁机器人路径跟踪改进型自抗扰控制

针对光伏阵列清洁机器人清洁作业过程中存在路径跟踪精度低与外界不确定干扰等问题,提出了一种改进型自抗扰控制策略来控制驱动单元模型,实现驱动单元角速度（力矩）的高鲁棒性控制,从而提高了机器人的路径跟踪精度.通过分析机器人的运动状态,得到清洁机器人实际运动位姿与期望运动位姿之间的误差.由于外界环境以及其他不确定因素的干扰,通过建立清洁机器人移动底盘带不确定干扰因素的动力学控制模型,在传统自抗扰控制器的基础上通过改进fal函数,提出了一种运动学与动力学内外嵌套的改进型自抗扰策略.改进型扩张状态观测器来实时观测并补偿不确定干扰因素,从而实现清洁机器人高精度跟踪作业目标路径.通过多种目标路径的跟踪仿真实验,最终都表现出了较好的跟踪结果.证明了本文所设计的基于改进型自抗扰控制的光伏阵列清洁机器人路径跟踪控制算法的优越性与有效性,提高了光伏阵列清洁机器人的清洁作业路径跟踪精度.     

一类动态不确定环境下机器人的滚动路径规划

研究了一类全局环境未知且存在的动态障碍物情况下的机器人路径规划问题.借鉴预测 控制滚动优化原理,给出了基于滚动窗口的移动机器人路径规划方法.充分利用机器人实时测 得的局部环境信息,实施在线滚动规划,把优化与反馈机制合理结合起来,对动态不确定环境具 有良好的适应性.同时还对滚动规划算法的安全和可达性进行了分析.     

非时间参考的移动机器人路径跟踪控制

基于非时间参考的思想提出了一种移动机器人路径跟踪控制方法.首先选择移动机器人实际路径在某参考系下的x轴投影作为非时间参考量,并针对一类几何路径的跟踪建立移动机器人非时间参考的运动学模 型,据此设计以恒定速度跟踪期望路径的控制律,然后在此基础上给出跟踪任意几何路径的分段控制策略.此跟踪 控制系统所采用的参考量为非时间量􀁯,摆脱了时间因素的影响,因此能提高移动机器人在不确定环境中的跟踪能 力.仿真和物理实验表明了控制方法的有效性.􀁱     

轮式足球机器人平滑运动轨迹控制算法的研究--Robocup系列研究之四

介绍一种轮式足球机器人的平滑运动轨迹控制算法。为了更简洁有效地驱动足球机器人平滑快速地跟踪目标位置与姿态，在控制其移动的过程中应平滑连续地改变其速度和方向。提供了一种基于双积分系统时间最优Bang-Bang控制的轨迹生成及控制算法，在模拟引导轨迹的引导下进行连续的速度控制引导机器人平滑高速跟踪运动轨迹并按要求调整其末端姿态。通过一系列的仿真结果来体现该控制算法的高效性和准确性。     

A Case Study of the Collision-Avoidance Problem Based on Bernstein–Bézier Path Tracking for Multiple Robots with Known Constraints

In this paper a case study of a new, cooperative, collision-avoidance method for multiple, nonholonomic robots based on Bernstein–Bézier curves is given. In the presented examples the velocities and accelerations of the mobile robots are constrained and the start and the goal velocity are defined for each robot. This means that the proposed method can be used as a subroutine in a huge path-planning problem in real time, in a way to split the whole path into smaller partial paths. The reference path of each robot, from the start pose to the goal pose, is obtained by minimizing the penalty function, which takes into account the sum of all the path lengths subjected to the distances between the robots, which should be bigger than the minimum distance defined as the safety distance, and subjected to the velocities and accelerations which should be lower than the maximum allowed for each robot. When the reference paths are defined the model-predictive trajectory tracking is used to define the control. The prediction model derived from the linearized tracking-error dynamics is used to predict future system behavior. The control law is derived from a quadratic cost function consisting of the system tracking error and the control effort. The proposed method was tested with a simulation and with a real-time experiment in which four robots were used.     

Robust face tracking control of a mobile robot using self‐tuning Kalman filter and echo state network

This paper presents a novel design of face tracking algorithm and visual state estimation for a mobile robot face tracking interaction control system. The advantage of this design is that it can track a user's face under several external uncertainties and estimate the system state without the knowledge about target's 3D motion‐model information. This feature is helpful for the development of a real‐time visual tracking control system. In order to overcome the change in skin color due to light variation, a real‐time face tracking algorithm is proposed based on an adaptive skin color search method. Moreover, in order to increase the robustness against colored observation noise, a new visual state estimator is designed by combining a Kalman filter with an echo state network‐based self‐tuning algorithm. The performance of this estimator design has been evaluated using computer simulation. Several experiments on a mobile robot validate the proposed control system. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley and Sons Asia Pte Ltd and Chinese Automatic Control Society     

Navigation integration of a mobile robot in dynamic environments

This article presents a design and experimental study of navigation integration of an intelligent mobile robot in dynamic environments. The proposed integration architecture is based on the virtual‐force concept, by which each navigation resource is assumed to exert a virtual force on the robot. The resultant force determines how the robot will move. Reactive behavior and proactive planning can both be handled in a simple and uniform manner using the proposed integration method. A real‐time motion predictor is employed to enable the mobile robot to deal in advance with moving obstacles. A grid map is maintained using on‐line sensory data for global path planning, and a bidirectional algorithm is proposed for planning the shortest path for the robot by using updated grid‐map information. Therefore, the mobile robot has the capacity to both learn and adapt to variations. To implement the whole navigation system efficiently, a blackboard model is used to coordinate the computation on board the vehicle. Simulation and experimental results are presented to verify the proposed design and demonstrate smooth navigation behavior of the intelligent mobile robot in dynamic environments. ©1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

基于自适应和神经动力学的轮式移动机器人路径跟踪控制(英文)

本文提出一种自适应和神经动力学相结合的轮式移动机器人路径跟踪控制方法.首先,设计运动学控制器用来获得机器人期望速度;其次,考虑机器人动力学模型参数的不确定性,利用模型参考自适应方法来设计动力学控制规律,使得机器人实际速度渐近逼近期望值;再次,为克服速度和力矩的跳变,加入神经动力学模型对控制器进行优化,并且通过Lypunov理论来证明整个控制系统的稳定性;最后仿真结果表明该控制方法的有效性.