High-Alumina ramming bodies for lining steel casting ladles having provision for vacuum refining

Conclusions At the electric steelmaking shop of the Cherepovetsk Steel Plant, the high-strength MK-90 corundum body produced by the Kazogneupor Factory was used for lining the cavities of the nozzles and the bottom portions of the 130 ton steel casting ladles in which argon blowing (lancing) and vacuum treatment of steel are carried out. The service life of the rammed ladle-base lining made from the MK-90 body (under the replaceable working layer) increased up to 3–4 months. Ramming of the cavity is carried out once during the campaign of the working layer of the ladle base.In order to obtain monolithic lining of the ladle walls, we developed a ramming body based on electromelted corundum and containing coarse-grained corundum and a plastic refractory clay as additives and a binder made from orthophosphoric acid. Industrial production of this body was assimilated at the Kazogneupor Factory under the trademark MK-65. The life of the lining of the ladle walls made from this body amounts to 13–14 fillings (heats) as compared to 8–10 fillings when using ladle bricks.We suggested the composition of the ramming body containing a carbonaceous additive in the form of spent electrodes of the steelmaking arc furnaces and having an increased slag- and metal-resistance.The first discussion was published in Ogneupory, No. 8 (1988) and the subsequent discussion was published in Nos. 9–12 (1988) and Nos. 1–3 (1989).Translated from Ogneupory, No. 5, pp. 1–5, May, 1989.     

A mullite compound for combined lining of steel teeming ladles

Conclusions For ramming of the walls in combined lining of the 350-ton steel teeming ladles of Azov Steel Combine a composition and method of preparation of a mullite ramming compound applicable to the existing production conditions of Velikoanadol Refractory Combine has been developed.The use of the mullite compound produced by Velikoanadol Combine provided an average life of the ladle combined lining of 20 pourings with a maximum of 37 pourings.To reduce the cost of production the possibility was established of partial replacement in the composition of Kazakh Refractory Plant Electrocorundum by Zaporozhe Abrasive Plant slurry wastes of normal electrocorundum.DISCUSSION: Problems of the Production and Use of Refractories for Lining Steel Teeming Ladles [for the start of the discussion see No. 8, 1988 and for the continuation Nos. 9–12, 1988 and Nos. 1–2, 1989].Translated from Ogneupory, No. 3, pp. 1–4, March, 1989.     

铝镁尖晶石炭钢包砖的研制

在高铝质材料基质中加入MgO粉,并添加适量的碳素材料及抗氧化剂,研制出了铝镁尖晶石炭钢包砖。该铝镁尖晶石炭砖质量稳定,在太钢第二炼钢厂70t钢包上使用两年多来,包龄基本上稳定在75次左右,并且使用过程中侵蚀均匀,与打结包相比,挂渣少,无剥落。     

Introduction of rammed linings for 250-ton steel-teeming ladles at Makeevka Metallurgical Combine

Conclusions In the open hearth shop of the Makeevka Metallurgical Combine the 250-ton steel-teeming ladles have been converted from a brick lining to a monolithic quartzite-clay rammed lining prepared with the use of a sand slinger using MKG-1 mixture according to Technical Specification 14-8-252-77 produced by the Krasnogorovka Refractory Plant. The use of monolithic linings of the ladle walls provided an increase in their average life from 9.06 to 15.6 heats.During service of the quartzite-clay rammed linings in teeming ladles partial degeneration of the quartz into cristobalite and full transformation of the fine crystalline binder into glassy occurs.The annual saving from the introduction of monolithic rammed linings of the 250-ton steel-teeming ladles of the Makeevka Metallurgical Combine was 2000,000 rubles.Translated from Ogneupory, No. 1, pp. 47–49, January, 1985.     

提高连铸钢包内衬寿命的措施

本文分析了攀钢钢包内衬损毁的原因。从提高耐火材料性能和使用技术两方面采取了改进措施,使钢包一次性平均使用寿命从72次提高到90次,最高达115次,取得了显著的经济效益。     

The use of periclase-chromite standardized parts in the steel teeming ladles of Vyksa Metallurgical Plant (discussion)

Conclusions The use of PKhKB-3 standardized periclase-chromite parts made it possible to increase steel-teeming ladle lining life under the difficult conditions of treatment and teeming of rope steel.The wear of PKhKB parts in service is insignificant and is caused by the small zone formation and mechanical failure.For the start of the discussion see No. 8, 1988 and for the continuation Nos. 9–12, 1988 and No. 1, 1989.Translated from Ogneupory, No. 2, pp. 1–3, February, 1989.     

Industrial tests of ladle refractories based on rocky olivinite of the Kovdorskoe deposit

The physicotechnical properties of ladle refractories based on rocky olivinite of the Kovdorskoe deposits, prepared by the technology of the St. Petersburg Institute of Refractories, are considered. Industrial tests of the experimental refractories in the lining of steel-teeming ladles of the open-hearth shop at the Cherepovtskii integrated iron and steel works have demonstrated that the attained durability of olivinite-containing lining (40 heats) exceeds 3.5 – 4 times the durability of conventional fireclay lining commonly used at the works. Rocky olivinite is a novel magnesia-containing raw material which should find wide use in the manufacture of ladle refractories.Translated from Ogneupory, Vol. 35, No. 1, pp. 27 – 28, January, 1994.     

Introducing “Orion” equipment for mechanized guncreting of steel ladles

Conclusions Industrial operation in steel factories of the Orion complex has shown the effectiveness of the plant and of mechanizing the guncreting of steel ladles. The average life of the lining in ladles was increased by 25–50%, the maximum life of 200-ton ladles at the Rustav factory having been brought to 52 heats. A reduction has been achieved in the specific consumption of ladle refractories equal to 1.7–3 kg/ton of steel. At Magnitogorsk they have increased the throughput capacity of steel melting bays by 3% with a reduction in the ladle stock of 11%.Translated from Ogneupory, No. 6, pp. 19–22, June, 1981.     

A Technology for Production of Composite Refractory Materials for the Lining of Steel Ladles

Results of the testing of new refractory materials for the lining of steel ladles are reported. Refractories based on coarsely crystalline periclase (98% MgO) for the slag zone with an endurance of 55 – 60 heats and wear rate of 2.3 mm/heat were tested. For the bottom lining of the steel ladle, alumina-periclase-carbon refractories using fused or sintered alumomagnesian spinels are developed. Performance characteristics of the newly developed refractory materials are discussed.__________Translated from Novye Ogneupory, No. 1, pp. 6 – 9, January, 2005.     

Destructive processes of periclase grains in fettling back walls of open-hearth furnaces

Conclusions During the first melting the working layer of the lining in the back wall is impregnated with iron oxides, calcium, silicon, etc. which leads to a reduction in the content of MgO in the working layer to 25%, and the formation of up to 40% fusible silicates in the bond. This leads to solution of the periclase grains with the formation of weak structures (an island-like character). The refractoriness of the working surface of the lining in the back wall drops to 1500–1550°. The split-up grains of periclase are easily melted and eroded by the slag and metal and pass into the slag melts.The life of the lining of the back wall increases with the use of fine-grained magnesite powder moistened by 3–4% water. With this the dust removal into the checkers of the regenerators is reduced.The following workers took part in the work. G. T. Til'k, N. I. Antropov, G. V. Chernoskutov, R. V. Krivonosova, M. A. Levanto, A. B. Dokshitskii, Yu. P. Gilev, V. G. Chekhonin, V.I. Dresvyankin.     

不锈钢冶炼用不烧镁钙砖的研制及应用

介绍了冶炼不锈钢用不烧镁钙砖的研制过程及其在冶炼不锈钢的 90tAOD炉炉帽和 90t装入包包底的应用情况。结果表明 :在 90t装入包包底的使用寿命达 1 1 0次 ,最大侵蚀速度仅为 1 .50mm·次 -1 左右 ;在 90tAOD炉炉帽上的使用寿命达 2 1 7次 ,最大侵蚀速度仅 0 .55mm·次-1 ,但存在裂纹和剥落现象 ,今后应改进砖型设计 ,增加调整砖 ,以消除砌缝 ,提高衬砖的整体性和稳固性     

The service of periglase-chromite refractories in the bottom of a converter with combined blowing

Conclusions Without the use of guniting and effective buildup of a crust the life of a converter bottom lining under the conditions of Nizhnii Tagil Metallurgical Combine does not exceed 400–450 heats.Unstable life (150–300 heats) of the upper layer of the bottom lining is an indication of irrational heating up of the converter before service.As follows from the experimental heats, to increase the life of the area near the tuyeres and the joint of the converter bottom and wall linings it is necessary to use BPGK-72-12 periclase-carbon blocks.Translated from Ogneupory, No. 4, pp. 48–50, April, 1990.     

Increasing the endurance of the converter lining

A brief review of the expertise in increasing the endurance of the lining for converters gained at the West Siberia Iron and Steel Works (WSISW) is given. Within three years after the WSISW oxygen converter shop has been put in service, the lining endurance could be improved to 728 heats (1.8 times the design endurance). A flame gunning technology has been developed, which made it possible to achieve an endurance of 1300 heats (at a maximum of 2500 heats). A technology for repairing the converter lining by applying a slag coating (scull) in the stream of an inert gas has been developed. The combined effect of these two technologies made it possible, in 2003, to achieve an average endurance of 2476 heats (at a maximum of 4500 heats).Translated from Novye Ogneupory, No. 6, June, 2004, pp. 7–10.     

Drying the monolithic lining of 300-ton steelcasting ladles

Conclusions The optimal drying temperature for the monolithic silica lining of 300-ton steelcasting ladles is 500°C for a drying time of 18 h, provided the ladle casing contains an adequate number of ventilation holes.Translated from Ogneupory, No. 3, pp. 31–34, March, 1977.     

Quartz-clay ramming compounds with quartz sand from the Latnensk deposits

Conclusions Ramming compounds based on Latnensk clay-containing quartz sand and intended for the monolithic lining of steelcasting ladles were developed and tested and are now in production.The average durability of the lining of the 180-ton steelcasting ladles of converter section No. 1 of the Novolipetsk Metallurgical Plant is 9–10 melts when it consists of a ramming compound produced from Latnensk quartz sand. The lining becomes unserviceable owing to the low durability of the working layer of the bottom. When using a ramming compound based on Chasov-Yar semifatty sand, the lining of the lateral parts of the ladle bottom and that of the slag zone are severely eroded after 7–8 melts.Deceased.Translated from Ogneupory, No. 1, pp. 14–17, January, 1978.     

Mixtures of a base composition: Consumable lining of tundish ladles of continuous casting machines

Work on creating a refractory mixture of a base composition for consumable linings of tundish ladles of continuous casting machines is described. Various binders for mixtures deposited on the working lining of the tundish ladle by guniting have been tested. The endurance of a consumable lining based on periclase with an elevated content of CaO was 5 heats on a CCM of an electric steelmaking shop.Translated from Ogneupory, No. 4, pp. 28 – 30, April, 1996.     

Service of refractories in the continuous casting of 100 ton converter heats

Conclusions Refractories for steel-casting ladles used at present in the converter shop of the Novolipetsk Factory can be used for casting 100-ton heats. However, it is necessary to increase the resistance of the ladle linings.Ladle bricks, stopper tubes, and zircon nozzles provide reliable casting of 3–4 heats in series without replacing the intermediate ladle.To provide reliable covering of the jets where necessary it is recommended that use be made of highalumina plugs for intermediate ladle stoppers.Translated from Ogneupory, No. 7, pp. 37–41, July, 1968.     

Processes of wear in periclase carbon articles in steel-casting ladles

Conclusions The wear resistance of periclase-carbon articles grade PUÉP-116 in the walls of steel ladles is 1.5–2 times greater than that of mullite-corundum refractories MKS-72.The feature of the phase inversion of periclase-carbon articles is the formation in the working zone of a dense, spinel-containing subzone which retards the wear of the refractory lining.The wear of periclase-carbon articles occurs through the gradual replacement of the periclase by the more fusible aluminosilicate compounds of the mellilite and merwinite type, and subsequent fusion of the rapidly slagged surface layer.Discussion: Problems with the Production and Use of Refractories for Lining Steel Casting Ladles [For the start of these discussions see No. 8, 1988 and for the continuation — Nos. 9–12, 1988, Nos. 1–3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 1989; and No. 2, 1990].Translated from Ogneupory, No. 3, pp. 3–5, March, 1990.     

The Use of a Multiple-Purpose Lining of the Casting Ladle in an Integrated Steel-Processing Unit at the Oskol'skii Electrical Iron and Steel Works

A report is given on the production of periclase-carbon refractories using advanced technologies and raw periclase of different quality grade at the Semilukskii Refractory Plant Joint-Stock Company (SRP JSC). Refractories available from the SRP JSC were used at the Oskol'skii Electrical Iron and Steel Works JSC (OEISW JSC) to fabricate the multiple-purpose lining for casting ladles exploited in vacuum furnaces and integrated steel-processing units. The endurance of the lining for the walls and the slag zone of the casting ladle reaches 69 heats.     

Service of zircon nozzles for continuous casting of converter steel

Conclusions In the continuous casting of converter steel without replacing the intermediate ladle between heats there is an increase in the resistance of the zircon nozzles. Wear somewhat increases with an increase in the number of heats from one to two, after which there is practically no change up to four heats.It became clear that an increase in the density of the zircon nozzles reduces their erosion.The nature of the erosion of zircon nozzles during continuous casting of converter steel does not alter, compared with the previously known character.With the use of zircon nozzles in the Red Army Silica Factory for rates 0.7 m/min, it is possible to cast without braking the jet of steel with the stopper.S. Z. Afonin, E. I. Ermolaeva, V. V. Parfenteva, V. D. Ryazantsev, and T. K. Chirkina took part in the work.Translated from Ogneupory, No. 1, pp. 20–23, January, 1968.