PP/POE/BaSO4三元复合体系力学性能研究

采用2步法工艺制备了PP／POE／BaSO4[聚丙烯／（乙烯／辛烯共聚物）／硫酸钡]、PP／POE／偶联剂处理BaSO4和PP／POE／马来酸酐处理BaSO4三元复合体系。前2种三元复合体系形成了完全分离结构，而后1种三元复合体系形成了核壳包覆结构。力学性能研究表明，具有核-壳结构的三元复合体系的拉伸屈服应力、冲击韧性大于具有完全分离结构的三元复合体系，但前者的弯曲模量与断裂伸长率小于后者。     

PP/M-HOS/POE三元复合材料的界面改性与力学性能

采用马来酸酐接枝聚丙烯(PP-g-MAH)及马来酸酐接枝乙烯-1-辛烯共聚物(POE-g-MAH)为界面相容剂，利用熔融共混法制备PP／镁盐晶须(M—HOS)／POE三元复合材料，研究了PP-g-MAH及POE-g-MAH的用量及配比、M-HOS和POE的用量对三元复合材料力学性能的影响。结果表明：当PP／M-HOS／POE的质量比为100／10／20时，PP-g-MAH的最佳用量为3份；利用PP-g-MAH及POE-g-MAH作为复合相容剂可同时改善M-HOS与PP和POE的界面相容性，促进POE、M-HOS对PP的增韧补强作用，使三元复合材料的力学性能得到了明显的改善。     

PP／交联POE共混物力学性能和形态的研究

采用过氧化二异丙苯（DCP）引发POE弹性体交联，溶解性实验与熔体流动速率实验结果表明，当DCP含量从0．5‰（质量含量，下同）增加至5．0‰时，凝胶含量从0．8％增加至12．8％，对应的共混物的熔体流动速率从2．80g／10min下降至0．80g／10min，这是POE弹性体交联的结果。将交联后的POE与PP共混，其与PP的共混物的冲击强度在较低的交联度时有一小范围的提高，当DCP含量超过2．0‰后，共混物的冲击性能明显下降。扫描电镜观察表明，随着POE交联度的增加，共混物中POE在基体中的分散明显变差，这与其冲击性能有很好的相关性。     

PP／HDPE／POE共混物的流变行为与力学性能

论述了采用茂金属催化乙烯-辛烯共聚物（Engage，POE）对聚丙烯和聚丙烯／高密度聚乙烯共混物进行了增韧改性。研究了共混物的稳态流变性能和小振幅振荡剪切流场下的动态粘弹性质，探讨了共混物的相态结构、粘弹性与抗冲击性能之间的关系。结果表明，当POE用量仅为5％时，POE对两种基体具有显著的增韧作用，尤其是显著提高了PP／HDPE共混物的低温韧性。在本实验的共混物组成配比下，共混物具有类网状的相态结构，各组分之间的界面相互作用增强，进而导致共混物的粘度增大和冲击韧性增加。     

PP/POE/MVQ共混材料的制备及性能研究

研究了混炼顺序、动态硫化工艺及共混比例对聚丙烯/乙烯-辛稀弹性体/硅橡胶(PP/POE/MVQ)共混材料性能的影响。结果表明:先将POE与MVQ动态硫化制备成热塑性弹性体(PMTPV),然后与PP共混,所制得共混材料的力学性能较三元同时共混所得材料的性能更佳;采用双螺杆挤出机动态硫化工艺制备的PMTPV,其综合性能优于采用转矩流变仪动态硫化工艺制备的材料;随着PMTPV比例的增加,共混材料的拉伸强度和撕裂强度有所下降,同时硬度下降,断裂伸长率和熔体流动速率提高,表面张力降低。     

PP／POE／纳米CaCO3复合材料力学性能研究

研究了PP/POE／纳米CaCO3复合材料的力学性能、脆-韧转变规律及其与纳米CaCO3含量、分散相POE粒径的关系。结果表明：含4份CaCO3的PP/POE／纳米CaCO3复合体系，达到脆-韧转变所需的弹性体POE量最少。纳米CaCO3的添加还可以提高复合材料的弯曲模量，在增韧的同时提高材料的刚性。研究发现PP／POE／纳米CaCO3三元体系的基体层厚度与脆-韧转变的关系符合逾渗定理。     

PP/nano-CaCO_3/POE复合材料性能研究

采用熔融共混法制备了PP/nano-CaCO3/POE复合材料,分别研究了nano-CaCO3和POE的加入量对复合材料力学性能的影响。结果表明:随着nano-CaCO3用量的增加,复合材料的冲击强度和拉伸强度均呈现出先增加后降低的趋势,弯曲模量呈增加趋势;随着POE用量的增加,复合材料的冲击强度先显著增加而后稍有降低,拉伸强度和弯曲模量均呈下降趋势。     

PP/POE/CaCO_3复合材料力学性能和形态的研究

采用熔融共混的方法制备了聚丙烯/聚烯烃弹性体(PP/POE)/CaCO3三相复合材料,研究了CaCO3的添加量对复合材料的力学性能、微观形态和流变性能的影响。结果表明,加入CaCO3可显著提高复合材料的弯曲模量和缺口冲击强度,当CaCO3添加质量分数达到40%时,复合材料的缺口冲击强度可以提高到66.7kJ/m2。扫描电镜观察表明当添加质量分数20%以上的CaCO3时,复合材料中存在POE包覆CaCO3的结构。流变测试结果表明复合材料中各组分的黏度越接近,分散相的分散效果越好。     

纳米CaCO3和POE增韧废旧PP复合材料的研究

采用了纳米CaCO3和乙烯-辛烯共聚物（POE）对废旧聚丙烯（PP）进行增韧改性，借助于力学性能测试、SEM和偏光显微镜等观察手段对这一共混体系的增韧机理进行了研究。结果表明，纳米CaCO3和POE对废旧PP具有良好的增韧作用，两者有协同增韧效果；POE对废旧PP的增韧符合剪切屈服理论，纳米CaCO3的增韧机理是诱导PP产生大量的裂纹，形成空穴群，吸收冲击能；废旧PP／POE／纳米CaCO3复合材料的球晶尺寸细化，球晶边界模糊，非晶区域增大，材料的韧性明显提高。     

PP/弹性体/纳米CaCO3三元复合材料研究

以聚烯烃弹性体POE(乙烯辛烯共聚物)为增韧剂，以纳米CaCO3为增强剂，利用双螺杆挤出机，通过熔融共混工艺制备了聚丙烯(PP)／POE／无机纳米粒子复合材料。测试了复合材料的力学性能并利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)对三元复合材料的断面形态进行了研究。研究结果表明，利用纳米CaCO3对共混物PP／POE进行改性，存在一个最佳用量，一般为5％左右。采取将纳米CaCO3先与POE混合挤出后再与PP进行共混挤出的二步法工艺，复合体系的综合性能较优。     

动态硫化工艺对EPDM/PP相态结构及力学性能的影响

采用透射电镜(TEM)研究二次硫化的加工工艺对EPDM/PP热塑性弹性体相态结构及力学性能的影响,研究发现,与传统的一次硫化的加工工艺相比,采用二次硫化加工工艺制备的EPDM/PP弹性体,硫化橡胶能以颗粒态均匀分散于PP的连续相中,其力学性能也较一次硫化制备的样品有较大提高。     

乙烯共聚物弹性体在PP/LLDPE共混物中的增韧作用

研究了乙烯共聚物弹性体对聚丙烯/线型低密度聚乙烯(PP/LLDPE)共混物的增韧作用。结果说明,乙烯共聚物弹性体对LLDPE分散相起到了很好的分散作用,PP基体的韧性显著增大。     

Interfacially compatibilized LDPE/POE blends reinforced with nanoclay: investigation of morphology,rheology and dynamic mechanical properties

Morphological, melt rheological and dynamic mechanical properties of low-density polyethylene (LDPE)/ethylene–octene copolymer (POE)/organo-montmorillonite (OMMT) nanocomposites, prepared via melt compounding were studied. The XRD traces indicated different levels of intercalated structures for the nanocomposites. Addition of a compatibilizer (PE-g-MA) improved the intercalation process. TEM results revealed existence of clay layers in both phases but they were mainly localized in the elastomeric POE phase. Addition of 5 wt% OMMT to the LDPE/POE blend led to reduction in the size of the elastomer particles confirmed by AFM. The complex viscosity and storage modulus showed little effect of the presence of the clay when no compatibilizer was added. As the extent of exfoliation increased with addition of compatibilizer, the linear viscoelastic behavior of the composites gradually changed specially at low-frequency regions. The interfacially compatibilized nanocomposites with 5 wt% OMMT had the highest melt viscosity and modulus among all the studied nanocomposites and blends. Also, this particular composition showed the best improvement in dynamic storage modulus. The results indicated that clay dispersion and interfacial adhesion, and consequently different properties of LDPE/POE/clay nanocomposites, are greatly affected by addition of compatibilizer.     

Changes in morphology and properties by grafting reaction in PP/EOR/CaCO3 ternary composites

The phase morphology and mechanical properties of polypropylene (PP) composites containing ethylene–octene elastomer (EOR) and calcium carbonate (CaCO₃) filler were investigated by comparing the toughening effect of unmodified EOR with EOR grafted with maleic anhydride (EOR–MA). EORs of various MA contents were prepared by free‐radical grafting of MA onto the EOR backbone using a reactive extrusion process. The composite morphology was directly explored by scanning electron microscopy technique and indirectly explored by differential scanning calorimetry and dynamic mechanical analysis. Separate dispersion of the elastomer and filler particles was achieved by using unmodified EOR. Modification of EOR by maleic anhydride grafting resulted in encapsulation of the filler particles. The mechanical properties of the composites were found to depend mainly on composite morphology and composition and, to a lesser degree, on maleic anhydride concentration. The results of this study showed that when composites contained an equal or higher amount of elastomer relative to filler, a composite with a separate dispersion structure was preferred. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 89: 3557–3562, 2003     

Rheology, phase morphology, mechanical, impact and thermal properties of polypropylene/metallocene catalysed ethylene 1-octene copolymer blends

Blends of a polypropylene (PP) and a metallocene catalysed ethylene-octene copolymer (EOC) were prepared using a single screw extruder fitted with a barrier screw design. The EOC used had 25 wt% 1-octene content and the weight fraction of EOC in the blends covered the range 1-30 wt.% Viscosity values for the blends determined experimentally from dual capillary rheological studies were similar to those calculated theoretically using the log additivity principle described by Ferry. This result together with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observations and evidence from tan δ curves from dynamic mechanical thermal analysis showed PP and EOC to be partially miscible for blends having 10 wt% EOC or less. The tensile modulus, break strength and flexural modulus of the blends decreased with respect to virgin PP as the weight fraction of EOC was increased to 30 wt.% The diminution in mechanical properties was concomitant with an initial increase in elongation at break from 40% for neat PP to 140% for the blend with 15 wt% EOC before decreasing to 65% when 30 wt% EOC was blended. The optimum impact modification of the PP used in this study, in the temperature range −40 to 23 °C, was achieved by blending with between 20 and 30 wt% EOC.     

Reactively compatibilised polyamide6/ethylene-co-vinyl acetate blends: mechanical properties and morphology

Mechanical properties and morphological studies of compatibilised blends of PA6/EVA-g-MA and PA6/EVA/EVA-g-MA were studied as functions of maleic anhydride content (MA) and dispersed phase (EVA-g-MA) concentrations, respectively at blending composition of 20 wt% dispersed phase (EVA-g-MA or combination of EVA and EVA-g-MA). The maleic anhydride (MA) was varied from 1 to 6 wt% in the PA6/EVA-g-MA blend, whereas MA concentration was fixed at 2 wt% in the ternary compositions with varying level of EVA-g-MA. ATR-IR spectroscopy revealed the formation of in situ copolymer during reactive compatibilisation of PA6 and EVA-g-MA. It was found that notched Izod impact strength of PA6/EVA-g-MA blends increased significantly with MA content in EVA-g-MA. The brittle to tough transition temperature of reactively compatibilised blends was found to be at 23 °C. The impact fractured surface topology reveals extensive deformation in presence of EVA-g-MA whereas; uncompatibilised PA6/EVA blend shows dislodging of EVA domains from the matrix. Tensile strength of the PA6/EVA-g-MA blends increased significantly as compared to PA6/EVA blends. Analysis of the tensile data using predictive theories showed an enhanced interaction of the dispersed phase and the matrix. It is observed from the phase morphological analysis that the average domain size of the PA6/EVA-g-MA blends is found to decrease gradually with increase in MA content of EVA-g-MA. A similar decrease is also found to observe in PA6/EVA/EVA-g-MA blends with increase in EVA-g-MA content, which suggest the coalescence process is slower in presence of EVA-g-MA. An attempt has been made to correlate between impact strength and morphological parameters with regard to the compatibilised system over the uncompatibilised system.     

Morphology and mechanical properties of polyolefinic thermoplastic elastomer I. Characterization of deformation process

The structural origin of rubber elasticity in the polyolefinic thermoplastic elastomers composed of isotactic polypropylene (iPP) matrix and ethylene-propylene-diene rubber (EPDM) domains was investigated using scanning and transmission electron microscopes under uniaxial deformation and the computational analysis by a three dimensional finite element method. The rubber domains were dominantly deformed and elongated by accompanying localized yielding in iPP region between neighboring EPDM domains perpendicular to the stretching direction. The iPP region between adjacent EPDM domains in the stretching direction remained undeformed, suggesting that the undeformed iPP region plays the role in connecting rubber domains.     

Waterborne polyurethane/inorganic hybrid composites: preparation,morphology and properties

Abstract

A series of waterborne polyurethane/inorganic (WPU/TiO₂) hybrid composites were synthesised by a sol–gel process on the basis of isophorone diisocyanate, polyether polyol (GE-210), dimethylolpropionic acid, tetrabutyl titanate (TBT) and 3-glycidyloxypropyl trimethoxysilane as a coupling agent. The physical properties of the WPU and WPU/TiO₂ dispersions and hybrids were measured. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy and X-ray diffraction were used to assess the fracture surface morphology and the dispersions of the WPU/TiO₂ hybrids. The scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy results showed that the TiO₂ particles were dispersed homogeneously in the WPU matrix in nanoscale. The prepared hybrids showed good thermal stability and mechanical properties in comparison with pure WPU and showed tunable transparence with the TBT fraction in the film. Through suitable adjustment of TBT content, some thin hybrids have potential applications, such as coatings, leather finishing, adhesives, sealants, plastic coatings and wood finishes.     

Effects of organoclay platelets on morphology and mechanical properties in PTT/EPDM-g-MA/organoclay ternary nanocomposites

The addition of up to 6 part per hundred (phr) of an organoclay to a 80/20 (w/w) PTT/EPDM-g-MA blend led to ternary compounds that came together as a means of balancing stiffness/strength versus toughness/ductility. The effect of organoclay platelets on morphologies and mechanical properties of PTT/EPDM-g-MA/organoclay ternary nanocomposites had been studied by SEM, TEM, WAXD, and mechanical testing. For the 80/20 (w/w) blend, the clay platelets are located inside the dispersed domains of EPDM-g-MA phase. The clay platelets do not act effectively as a barrier for the coalescence of the dispersed domains. The complex viscosities (η^∗) of the 80/20 (w/w) PTT/EPDM-g-MA blend increased with the amount of the organoclay increasing, which are proposed as the reason for the dispersed domain size (D) that becomes smaller at higher clay content. Mechanical tests show that the Young's modulus increases, whereas the tensile strength and the impact strength decrease when the content of the clay increases.     

Influence of blend composition on the mechanical properties and morphology of PC/ASA/SAN ternary blends

Bisphenol A polycarbonate/acrylonitrile–styrene–acrylic/styrene–acrylonitrile copolymer (PC/ASA/SAN) ternary blends were prepared over a range of compositions via mixing PC, SAN, and ASA copolymer by melt blending. An analysis was made on the mechanical properties and morphology of the blends. Special care was taken to make comparisons of the morphologies and properties of blends with different SAN content. When a small amount SAN was introduced to PC/ASA blends, the dispersion condition of ASA in the matrix was improved and a better integrated mechanical properties was realized. Further increasing the SAN content led to a decrease of impact strength, which was due to the changing of the morphology of the blends and the inherent brittleness of matrix. The study about the effect of ASA content on the properties of PC/ASA/SAN blends showed that the blend with 20 wt% ASA had good mechanical properties.