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1.
Margarines and shortenings have been major contributors to the intake by humans of the probably atherogenic trans FA (TFA). In 1999, all 73 brands of margarines and shortenings on the Danish market were analyzed by GLC on a 50-m highly
polar capillary column, and the results were compared with similar investigations in 1992 and 1995. A gradual decline of TFA
in Danish margarines was observed. From 1992 to 1995, a reduction of TFA from 10.4 to 3.6% took place in margarines with 20–40%
linoleic acid. In 1999, TFA was practically absent in all the margarines, but it remained unchanged in shortenings, averaging
about 6–7%. Long-chain TFA from hydrogenated fish oil, although present in 13 brands in 1995, were not found at all in the
1999 samples. Trans-linoleic acids or CLA were not found. The reduction in TFA content in margarines has not resulted in a systematic change
over the years in the content of saturated FA, monounsaturated FA, or PUFA. Calculated from sales figures, the intake of TFA
decreased from 2.2 g per capita per year in 1992, to 1.5 g in 1995, and to 0.4 g in 1999. 相似文献
2.
W. M. N. Ratnayake C. Gagnon L. Dumais W. Lillycrop L. Wong M. Meleta P. Calway 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》2007,84(9):817-825
Dietary trans fatty acids (TFA) are of major concern because of their adverse effects on blood lipid levels and coronary heart disease.
In Canada, margarines were significant sources of TFA during the 1980s and 1990s. However, this is expected to change with
increased public awareness over their adverse health effects and the introduction of new legislature to include TFA content
on the Nutritional Facts table of food labels. In this study, the TFA content of the top-selling 29 Canadian margarines, which
represented 96.3% of the market share, was determined by capillary gas-liquid chromatography in order to assess the influence
of regulatory development during the 3-year transition period between the announcement of new food labelling regulations in
Canada that require mandatory declaration of the trans fat content in most pre-packaged foods in January 2003 and its enforcement on 12 December 2005. The 29 margarines included
15 tub margarines made from non-hydrogenated vegetable oils (NHVO-tub margarines), 11 tub margarines made from partially hydrogenated
vegetable oils (PHVO-tub margarines) and three print margarines, which were also made from partially hydrogenated vegetable
oils (PHVO-print margarines). The 15 NHVO tub-margarines accounted for 71% of the total margarine market share and generally
contained less than 2% TFA (mean value 0.9 ± 0.3% of total fatty acids). The mean total TFA contents of PHVO-tub margarines
and PHVO-print margarines, were 20.0 ± 4.5% and 39.6 ± 3.5%, and their market shares were 19.3 and 6.0%, respectively. Although
during the last 10 years, increasing number of soft tub margarines that contained very little trans fats have been made available in Canada, the PHVO-tub- and -print margarines still contain high levels of trans fats similar to those margarines that were sold in the 1990s. The market share data suggest that the margarines prepared
using NHVO and containing almost no TFA were preferred by Canadians over those margarines prepared using PHVO, even before
the mandatory declaration of TFA content came into effect on 12 December 2005. 相似文献
3.
The Diversity of Health Effects of Individual <Emphasis Type="Italic">trans</Emphasis> Fatty Acid Isomers 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
There are multiple adverse effects of trans fatty acids (TFA) that are produced by partial hydrogenation (i.e., manufactured TFA), on CVD, blood lipids, inflammation,
oxidative stress, endothelial health, body weight, insulin sensitivity, and cancer. It is not yet clear how specific TFA isomers
vary in their biological activity and mechanisms of action. There is evidence of health benefits on some of the endpoints
that have been studied for some animal TFA isomers, such as conjugated linoleic acid; however, these are not a major TFA source
in the diet. Future research will bring clarity to our understanding of the biological effects of the individual TFA isomers.
At this point, it is not possible to plan diets that emphasize individual TFA from animal sources at levels that would be
expected to have significant health effects. Due to the multiple adverse effects of manufactured TFA, numerous agencies and
governing bodies recommend limiting TFA in the diet and reducing TFA in the food supply. These initiatives and regulations,
along with potential TFA alternatives, are presented herein. 相似文献
4.
This study presents the FA composition and trans FA (TFA) contents of different hydrogenated vegetable oils and blended fats marketed in Pakistan. Thirty-four vanaspati (vegetable
ghee), 11 shortenings, and 11 margarines were analyzed. The contents of saturated FA, cis monounsaturated FA, and cis PUFA were in the following ranges: vanaspati 27.8–49.5, 22.2–27.5, 9.3–13.1%; vegetable shortenings 37.1–55.5, 15.8–36.0,
2.7–7.0%; and margarines 44.2–55.8, 21.7–39.9, 2.9–20.5%, respectively. Results showed significantly higher amounts of TFA
in vanaspati samples, from 14.2 to 34.3%. Shortenings contained TFA proportions of 7.3–31.7%. The contents of TFA in hard-type
margarines were in the range of 1.6–23.1%, whereas soft margarines contained less than 4.1% TFA. 相似文献
5.
A series of plastic fats containing no trans FA and having varying melting or plastic ranges, suitable for use in bakery, margarines, and for cooking purposes as vanaspati,
were prepared from palm oil. The process of fractionating palm oil under different conditions by dry and solvent fractionation
processes produced stearins of different yields. Melting characteristics of stearin fractions varied depending on the yield
and the process. The lower-yield stearins were harder and had a wider plastic range than those of higher yields. The fractions
with yields of about 35% had melting profiles similar to those of commercial vanaspati. The plastic range of palm stearins
was further improved by blending them with corresponding oleins and with other vegetable oils. The plasticity or solid fat
content varied depending on the proportion of stearin. Blends with higher proportions of stearins were harder than those with
lower proportions. the melting profiles of some blends, especially those containing 40–60% stearin of about 25% yield and
40–60% corresponding oleins or mahua or rice bran oils, were similar to those of commercial vanaspati and bakery shortenings.
These formulations did not contain any trans FA, unlike those of commercial hydrogenated fats. Thus, by fractionation and blending, plastic fats with no trans acids could be prepared for different purposes to replace hydrogenated fats, and palm oil could be utilized to the maximum
extent. 相似文献
6.
The fruit of the oil palm yields two types of oil. The flesh yields 20–22% of palm oil (C16∶0 44%, C18∶1 39%, C18∶2 10%).
This represents about 90% of the total oil yield. The other 10%, obtained from the kernel, is a lauric acid oil similar to
coconut oil. Palm oil is semisolid, and a large part of the annual Malaysian production of about 14 million tonnes is fractionated
to give palm olein, which is widely used for industrial frying, and palm stearin, a valuable hard stock. Various grades of
the latter are available. Formulae have been developed by straight blending and by interesterification of palm oil and palm
kernel oil to produce shortenings and margarines using hydrogenated fats to give the consistency required. Products that include
these formulations are cake shortenings, vanaspati (for the Indian subcontinent), soft and brick margarines, pastry margarines,
and reduced fat spreads. Other food uses of palm products in vegetable-fat ice cream and cheese, salad oils, as a peanut butter
stabilizer, and in confectioners fats are discussed briefly here. 相似文献
7.
Phenolic acids and related compounds were separated by gas chromatography using three separate columns. One of these columns was coupled to a Fourier transform infrared spectrometer. The trimethylsilyl derivatives could be separated and identified by comparing the relative retention times of the three different columns. However, where there was overlap, the accompanying infrared data clearly distinguished between the questionable derivatives, thus enabling characterization of all derivatives.The use of trade, firm, or corporation names in this article is for the information and convenience of the reader. Such use does not constitute an official endorsement or approval by the U.S. Department of Agriculture or the Forest Service of any product or service to the exclusion of others that may be suitable. 相似文献
8.
In order to measure exactly the trans-fatty acids content in food materials, a preparative group separation of cis- and trans-isomers of unsaturated fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) was achieved by an isocratic reversed-phase HPLC (RP-HPLC) method.
The trans-isomers of 16:1, 18:1, 18:2, 18:3, 20:1 and 22:1 FAMEs were readily separated from the corresponding cis-isomers by a COSMOSIL Cholester C18 column (4.6 mm I.D. × 250 mm, Nacalai Tesque) or a TSKgel ODS-100Z column (4.6 mm I.D. × 250 mm,
TOSOH), using acetonitrile as the mobile phase. This method was applied for determining the trans-18:1 fatty acid content in partially hydrogenated rapeseed oil. The methyl esters of cis- and trans-18:1 isomers of the oil were collected as two separate fractions by the developed RP-HPLC method. Each fraction was analyzed
by gas chromatography (GC) for both qualitative and quantitative information on its positional isomers. By a combination of
RP-HPLC and GC methods, a nearly complete separation of cis- and trans-18:1 positional isomers was achieved and the trans-18:1 fatty acid content was able to be evaluated more precisely than is possible by the direct GC method. The reproducibility
of cis- and trans-18:1 isomers fractionated by the RP-HPLC method was better than 98%. These results suggested that the preparative RP-HPLC
method developed in this study could be a powerful tool for trans-fatty acid analysis in edible oils and food products as an alternative to silver-ion chromatography. 相似文献
9.
Aftab Kandhro S. T. H. Sherazi S. A. Mahesar M. I. Bhanger M. Younis Talpur Sarfraz Arain 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》2008,85(11):1057-1061
The fat contents of 12 brands of biscuits were extracted and evaluated for free fatty acids (FFA) and their fatty acid composition
(FAC). The oil content and FFA varied from 13.7 to 27.6% and 0.2 to 1.0%, respectively. The FAC was analyzed by gas chromatography–mass
spectroscopy with particular emphasis on trans fatty acids (TFA). Total saturated, unsaturated, cis-monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids were determined in the range of 37.9–46.9, 53.0–62.0, 12.3–43.7 and 0.1–9.2%,
respectively. The high amount of TFA was observed in all biscuit samples and varied from 9.3 to 34.9%. The quantity and quality
of the lipid fraction of the biscuits indicated that the all analyzed biscuits are a rich source of fat, saturated fatty acids
and trans fatty acids, consequently not suitable for the health of consumers. The high content of trans fatty acids and palmitic acid also indicated that blends of RBD palm oil and partially hydrogenated oil had been used in
the biscuit manufacturing. 相似文献
10.
Several pilot-scale trials reported in this paper, using palm stearin-rice bran oil (PS-RBO) blends, obviously did not contain
trans FA (TFA), whereas the commercial products were found to contain 18–27% TFA. The effects of processing conditions such as
rate of agitation, crystallization temperature, and composition of the blends on the crystal structure of shortenings were
studied. The products were evaluated for their physicochemical characteristics using DSC, X-ray diffraction (XRD), HPLC, and
FTIR techniques. The formulation containing 50% PS and 50% RBO showed melting and cooling characteristics similar to those
of hydrogenated commercial “vanaspati” samples. Analysis of the FA composition revealed that the formulated shortenings contained
15–19% C18∶2 PUFA. Tocopherol and tocotrienol contents of the experimental shortenings were in the range of 850–1000 ppm with oryzanol
content up to 0.6%. XRD studies demonstrated that the crystal form in the shortenings was predominantly the most stable β′
form, and there was less of the undesirable β form. 相似文献
11.
T. Verleyen R. Verhe A. Cano A. Huyghebaert W. De Greyt 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》2001,78(10):981-984
A rapid and direct Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopic method using a 25-μm NaCl transmission cell was developed
for the determination of free fatty acids (FFA) in six important vegetable oils (corn, soybean, sunflower, palm, palm kernel,
and coconut oils) that differ in fatty acid profile. The calibrations were established by adding either standard FFA (oleic,
lauric acids) or a representative mixture of FFA obtained after saponification of the refined oils. For all oils, up to a
FFA level of 6.5% for coconut oil, the best correlation coefficient was obtained by linear regression of the free carboxyl
absorption at 1711 cm−1. All correlation coefficients were greater than 0.993, and no significant difference between the calibration methods could
be detected. Upon validation of the calibration, no significant difference (α=0.05) between the “actual” and the “FTIR predicted”
FFA values could be observed. The calibration models developed for the six oils differed significantly and indicate the need
to develop a calibration that is specific for each oil. In terms of repeatability and accuracy, the FTIR method developed
was excellent. Because of its simplicity, quick analysis time of less than 2 min, and minimal use of solvents and labor, the
introduction of FTIR spectroscopy into laboratory routine for FFA determination should be considered. 相似文献
12.
A. A. Ismail F. R. van de Voort G. Emo J. Sedman 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》1993,70(4):335-341
Rapid direct and indirect Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopic methods were developed for the determination of
free fatty acids (FFA) in fats and oils based on both transmission and attenuated total reflectance approaches, covering an
analytical range of 0.2–8% FFA. Calibration curves were prepared by adding oleic acid to the oil chosen for analysis and measuring
the C=O band @ 1711 cm–1 after ratioing the sample spectrum against that of the same oil free of fatty acids. For fats and oils that may have undergone
significant thermal stress or extensive oxidation, an indirect method was developed in which 1% KOH/methanol is used to extract
the FFAs and convert them to their potassium salts. The carboxylate anion absorbs @ 1570 cm–1, well away from interfering absorptions of carbonyl-containing oxidation end products that are commonly present in oxidized
oils. Both approaches gave results comparable in precision and accuracy to that of the American Oil Chemists’ Society reference
titration method. Through macroprogramming, the FFA analysis procedure was completely automated, making it suitable for routine
quality control applications. As such, the method requires no knowledge of FTIR spectroscopy on the part of the operator,
and an analysis takes less than 2 min. 相似文献
13.
J. Sedman F. R. van de Voort A. A. Ismail 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》1997,74(8):907-913
An automated protocol for the direct, rapid determination of isolated trans content of neat fats and oils by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy was devised, based on a simple modification
of the standard AOCS trans method, eliminating the use of CS2 and methylation of low trans samples. Through the use of a commercially available, heated transmission flow cell, designed specifically for the analysis
of neat fats and oils, a calibration (0–50%) was devised with trielaidin spiked into a certified, trans-free soybean oil. The single-beam spectra of the calibration standards were ratioed against the single-beam spectrum of the
base oil, eliminating the spectral interference caused by underlying triglyceride absorptions, facilitating direct peak height
measurements as per the AOCS IR trans method. The spectrometer was preprogrammed in Visual Basic to carry out all spectral manipulations, measurements, and calculations
to produce trans results directly as well as to provide the operator with a simple interface to work from. The derived calibration was incorporated
into the software package, obviating the need for further calibration because the program includes an automatic recalibration/standardization
routine that automatically compensates for differences in optical characteristics between instruments, instrument drift over
time, and cell wear. The modified AOCS FTIR analytical package was evaluated with Smalley check samples for repeatability,
reproducibility, and accuracy, producing SD of ± 0.07, 0.13, and 0.70 trans, respectively, the FTIR predictions being linearly related to the Smalley means (r=0.999; SD=± 0.46), and well within one SD of the Smalley sample means. Calibration transfer was assessed by implementing
the calibration on a second instrument and reanalyzing the Smalley check samples in cells of two different pathlengths (25-
and 50-μm). There were no statistically significant differences between the FTIR trans predictions obtained for the Smalley samples from the two instruments and two cells, indicating that the software was able
to adjust the calibrations to compensate for differences in instrument response and cell pathlength. The FTIR isolated trans analysis protocol developed by the McGill IR Group has the benefit of being based on the principles of an AOCS-approved method,
matches its accuracy, and allows the analysis to be performed on both neat fats and oils, producing trans predictions in less than 2 min per sample. It is suggested that this integrated approach to trans analysis, which requires a minimum level of sample manipulation and operator skill, be considered as a modification of the
proposed Recommended Practice CD14b-95. 相似文献
14.
F. R. van de Voort A. A. Ismail J. Sedman G. Emo 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》1994,71(3):243-253
Edible fats and oils in their neat form are ideal candidates for Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis, in either the
attenuated total reflectance or the transmission mode. FTIR spectroscopy provides a simple and rapid means of following complex
changes that take place as lipids oxidize. Safflower and cottonseed oils were oxidized under various conditions, and their
spectral changes were recorded and interpreted. The critical absorption bands associated with common oxidation end products
were identified by relating them to those of spectroscopically representative reference compounds. The power and utilty of
FTIR spectroscopy to follow oxidative changes was demonstrated through the use of “real-time oxidation plots.” A quantitative
approach is proposed in which standards are used that are spectroscopically representative of oxidative end products and by
which the oxidative state of an oil can be defined in terms of percent hydroperoxides, percent alcohols and total carbonyl
content. By using either relative absorption as a basis or calibrating on representative standards, FTIR analysis provides
a rapid means of evaluating the oxidative state of an oil or of monitoring changes in oils undergoing thermal stress. 相似文献
15.
Zhukova NV 《Lipids》2007,42(12):1169-1175
Two nudibranch mollusks, Chromodoris sp. and Phyllidia coelestis, collected from tropical waters of the Northwestern Pacific, were analyzed for lipids. The aim of this study was to fill the gap in knowledge of lipid biochemistry of mollusks. Phospholipids (PL) were the dominating lipid class followed by sterols (13%). Neutral lipids were not detected in Chromodoris sp. By contrast, P. coelestis contained TAG, diacylglyceryl ether, long chain alcohol and esters of sterols. Among PL, PC was predominant (about 50%); PE, PS and CAEP were almost in equal proportions. Sixty five FA were identified as methyl esters and N-acyl pyrrolidides by GC-MS. The sea slugs exhibited a wide diversity of FA. The common marine n-3 PUFA, 20:5n-6 and 22:6n-3, constituted 0.6-1.3% of the total FA, whereas n-6 PUFA, 22:4n-6, 20:4n-6, and 18:2n-6, were the main (25%). Among monounsaturated FA, 7-21:1 was the main (up to 6.2%). The non-methylene-interrupted (NMI) FA were found (9.4 and 12.4%), including the known 5,11-20:2, 5,13-20:2, 7,13-22:2, 7,15-22:2 and a novel isomer 7,13-21:2 (up to 3.9%). The pathway of its biosynthesis was suggested. A series of very long chain FA (VLC FA), with the main 5,9-25:2 and 5,9-26:2, were identified. High level of VLC FA (8.7 and 11.7%) in sea slugs is apparently the result of predation on sponges. Another unique feature concerned a high abundance of various odd and branched FA (16.7 and 34%), which could have originated from the dietary origin or symbiotic bacteria. This is the first report on lipid and FA composition of nudibranchs. 相似文献
16.
The contents of total trans FA of sunflower oils at different stages of refining processes were determined by capillary GLC. The contents of 18∶1, 18∶2,
and 18∶3 trans acids were 0.22±0.03, 2.31±0.23, and 0.03±0.01%, respectively, in physically refined sunflower oils, and 0.05±0.01, 0.69±0.26,
and 0.02±0.01%, respectively, in chemically refined sunflower oils. The total trans FA contents drastically increased at the end of the physical refining process. The total trans FA contents of chemically refined sunflower oils were <1%. Because of the high temperature applied in the last stage of physical
refining, the content of total trans FA was higher than in chemically refined sunflower oils. The last-stage conditions should be carefully evaluated to reduce
the formation of trans FA during physical refining. 相似文献
17.
J.-F. Butaud P. Raharivelomanana J.-P. Bianchini E. M. Gaydou 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》2008,85(4):353-356
The sandalwood kernels of Santalum insulare (Santalaceae) collected in French Polynesia give seed oils containing significant amounts of ximenynic acid, E-11-octadecen-9-oic acid (64–86%). Fatty acid (FA) identifications were performed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry
(GC/MS) of FA methyl esters. Among the other main eight identified fatty acids, oleic acid was found at a 7–28% level. The
content in stearolic acid, octadec-9-ynoic acid, was low (0.7–3.0%). An inverse relationship was demonstrated between ximenynic
acid and oleic acid using 20 seed oils. Results obtained have been compared to other previously published data on species
belonging to the Santalum genus, using multivariate statistical analysis. The relative FA S. insulare composition, rich in ximenynic acid is in the same order of those given for S. album or S. obtusifolium. The other compared species (S. acuminatum, S. lanceolatum, S. spicatum and S. murrayanum) are richer in oleic acid (40–59%) with some little differences in linolenic content. 相似文献
18.
Chakra Wijesundera Amy Richards Claudio Ceccato 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》2007,84(5):433-442
Selected foods sampled from Australian supermarkets and fast food outlets were analyzed for trans fat (TF) content. The product with the highest amount of TF (6.3 g/100 g product) was a household shortening. The TF contents
in spreads were remarkably low (average 0.5, range 0.2–1.3 g/100 g product) with only 3 out of 15 exceeding the maximum level
(2.0 g/100 g fat) permitted in Denmark. Ready-to-eat French fries purchased from all but one (1.5 g/100 g product) fast food
outlet contained generally low levels of TF (average 0.4, range 0.3–0.7 g/100 g product), and the majority of the outlets
appeared to have used non-hydrogenated vegetable oils for frying. Frozen French fries and ready-to-eat potato chips purchased
from supermarkets were also low in TF (average 0.1 and 0.2 g/100 g product, respectively). So were the bakery products (biscuits,
cakes, bread, cake and muffin mixes) except for croissants. However, 9 out of the 103 products tested would have been prohibited
from sale in Denmark, while 25 and 12 products would have failed to qualify for ‘trans fat-free’ claims according to the mandatory labeling regulations currently in force in Canada the USA, respectively. 相似文献
19.
Bauchart D Roy A Lorenz S Chardigny JM Ferlay A Gruffat D Sébédio JL Chilliard Y Durand D 《Lipids》2007,42(2):123-133
The experiment was designed to study the effects of butters differing in conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and trans 18:1 contents on lipoproteins associated with the risk of atherogenesis. New Zealand White male rabbits (9.6 weeks; 2.1 kg) were assigned for 6 or 12 weeks to three diets (n = 6 per diet) made of conventional pellets with 0.2% cholesterol and with 12% fat provided from a butter poor in trans-10 and trans-11 18:1 and in CLA (standard group), or rich in trans-10 18:1 (trans-10 18:1 group) or rich in trans-11 18:1 and in cis-9,trans-11 CLA (trans-11 18:1/CLA group). Blood samples were collected at the end of dietary treatments. Lipoproteins were separated by gradient-density ultracentrifugation. Lipid classes were determined enzymatically and apolipoproteins A-I and B by radial immunodiffusion. Mainly in the 12-week rabbits, higher plasma triglycerides and apolipoprotein B levels shown in the standard and trans-10 18:1 groups compared with those in the trans-11 18:1/CLA group are associated with higher plasma levels of very low density lipoproteins (VLDL) and low density lipoproteins (LDL) also shown in these two groups. In the 12-week rabbits, a shift towards denser LDL, considered as more atherogenic, was shown only in the trans-10 18:1 group. In these animals, the VLDL + LDL to HDL ratio was 1.7-2.3 times higher in the trans-10 18:1 group than in the other groups (P = 0.076). These results suggest a rather neutral effect of trans-11 18:1/CLA butter towards the risk of atherogenesis, whereas trans-10 18:1 butter would tend to be detrimental. 相似文献
20.
Laila H. Ali Gerald Angyal Carol M. Weaver Jeanne I. Rader Magdi M. Mossoba 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》1996,73(12):1699-1705
The totaltrans fatty acid content of 18 food products was determined, after acid hydrolysis, extraction and methylation of fatty acids,
by gas chromatography with a polar 100% cyanopropylsiloxane capillary column and by single-bounce horizontal attenuated total
reflection spectroscopy (SB-HATR). Thetrans fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) of 9-hexadecenoate (9t-16:1), 9-octadecenoate (9t-18:1), and 9,12-octadecadienoate (9t,12t-18:2) were identified by comparison of their retention times with those of known standards and quantitated. The isomersc,t- andt,c-18:2 were identified from their published retention times and included in the quantitation oftrans FAME. Neat 50-μL portions of the FAME that were used for gas-chromatographic analysis also were analyzed by SB-HATR. This
technique requires neither weighing nor quantitative dilution of test portions prior to spectroscopic quantitation of isolated
double bonds oftrans configuration. A symmetric 966-cm−1 absorption band on a horizontal background was obtained from unhydrogenated soybean oil FAME as the reference material. For
9 of 11 products withtrans fat content>5% of total fat, results obtained by SB-HATR were higher than those obtained by gas chromatography. Results obtained
by the gaschromatographic procedure were slightly to significantly higher than those obtained by SB-HATR for the six foods
in whichtrans fat content was <5% of total fat. 相似文献