基于理论解的三种胶接接头简化有限元单元

建立了非对称胶接接头位移理论,它能严格满足包括胶层端头剪应力为零在内的所有边界条件。由于上被粘物、下被粘物具有不同材料和厚度,研究非对称胶接接头更具一般性。以位移理论解为基础,通过一组特定位移约束条件确立了被粘物纵向和横向位移函数,获得了非对称T形、L形和单搭接接头简化有限元单元的单元刚度矩阵。这些胶接接头简化单元能大幅降低整体有限元模型的自由度数量,避免以往胶层单元胶层厚度估计过大的不足,并考虑了被粘物间连续传力的特性,更适于大型有限元模型中对胶接接头的简化建模。精细有限元模型的数值验证表明,三种胶接接头简化有限元单元精度很好,使其应用到诸如汽车白车身、飞机等大型有限元模型中成为可能。     

金属胶接接头残余应力计算及数值分析

利用Baker模型和弹塑性有限元方法研究了胶接接头搭接区残余应力的分布.结果表明,因胶粘荆的线膨胀系数比被粘物高得多,胶层固化时被粘物阻碍了胶层的收缩,故胶层中为残余拉伸应力,被粘物中为残余压缩应力,胶层中的残余应力远大于被粘物中的残余应力.利用Baker模型和有限元计算远离自由端的胶层中的残余应力,两者吻合.被粘物中的残余应力呈中心对称,等效应力经多项式拟合后呈抛物线分布.     

复合材料管接头拉扭作用下胶层应力分析

发展了一种复合材料胶接管接头在拉伸和扭转载荷作用下胶层内应力分析模型。该模型利用管接头结构中缠绕法成形的管和套管材料、几何形状和所承受载荷的轴对称性,采用一阶层合板理论分析管壁的应力和变形。通过管接头中管、套管和它们之间胶层的位移协调性确定胶层内的应变和应力,从而建立了管接头结构的平衡方程。本模型计算了缠绕角为54°和26°管接头胶层内剥离应力、轴向剪切应力和切向剪切应力,计算结果与有限元分析结果相吻合。      

复合材料夹芯管胶接连接结构力学特性分析

针对在航空结构中广泛应用的复合材料蜂窝夹芯圆管中的接头这一最脆弱的部分,发展了一种分析复合材料蜂窝夹芯圆管胶粘接头力学特性的解析模型.该模型根据Gibson修正公式得到了蜂窝芯子的等效弹性参数,再运用经典的复合材料壳理论和线弹性理论得到管接头的控制方程,并通过状态空间法进行求解.运用本文模型,计算了管接头在扭矩和弯矩作用下胶层内的剪应力和剥离应力;同时采用有限元法对模型进行了数值模拟,并将模拟结果与模型计算结果进行了对比,最后分析了搭接长度对胶层内应力的影响.     

嵌块长度对胶接接头应力分布影响的数值分析

利用弹塑性有限元方法研究了钢嵌块长度对单搭接接头应力分布的影响,结果表明,采用钢嵌块形成混合连接接头后,接头上的应力流线分布发生了变化,钢嵌块中存在的压缩轴向应力和负值剥离应力有利于提高接头的承载能力;嵌块长度的增加使胶层和被粘物中界面处的峰值应力显著增大,而嵌块中的应力变化不大,嵌块长度超过4mm后,胶层中的应力峰值急剧上升;在需用嵌块增强胶接接头时应注意采用适宜的嵌块长度.     

铝合金-BFRP粘接接头的服役高温老化力学性能及失效预测EI北大核心CSCD

选取50℃和80℃的高温老化环境,结合设计的测试夹具测得高温老化0,10,20,30天后铝合金-BFRP(玄武岩纤维增强树脂基复合材料)粘接接头在1 mm/min加载速率下的准静态抗拉强度与剪切强度,并对接头的失效断面进行宏观分析。结果表明:80℃高温老化后,胶黏剂发生后固化反应,力学性能增强,BFRP发生化学键断裂,玻璃化转变温度(T g)降低;老化30天后,接头的抗拉强度下降,剪切强度上升;30天后拉伸接头失效断面出现分层,剪切接头出现胶层内聚与纤维撕裂的混合失效;50℃高温老化后,胶黏剂的力学性能略微上升,拉伸接头的失效强度变化不大,失效模式以纤维撕裂和分层为主;剪切接头的失效强度略微上升,失效模式以胶层内聚为主。根据二次应力准则对抗拉强度和剪切强度进行曲线拟合;根据响应面原理,建立失效准则随老化时间的响应面方程,用以对铝合金-BFRP粘接结构胶层的裂纹产生和扩展进行预测。     

复合材料层板层间缺陷分析——剪切滑移

根据三维弹性平衡方程和层间剪切滑移条件,导出了一个复合材料层板层间剪切滑移模型。本文模型具有一般形式的二维板壳理论的位移场及其平衡方程,但因引入了能反映层板界面粘贴情况及板面条件的剪切变形函数,模型因而简单又精确。层板的弯曲问题和屈曲问题被考虑,层间弱粘贴的影响被讨论。数值结果与精确解比较,表明了本文模型的高精度。      

金属材料对丙烯酸酯单搭粘接接头强度的影响

对铝5052-铝5052(Al5052-Al5052)单搭粘接接头和铜合金-铜合金(H62-H62)单搭粘接接头进行拉伸-剪切试验,研究金属材料对丙烯酸酯粘接剂单搭粘接接头强度的影响,并用扫描电子显微镜观察胶层的典型失效样貌,运用有限元数值仿真,模拟丙烯酸酯胶层表面上剪应力和剥离应力的分布情况。结果表明:Al5052-Al5052单搭粘接接头与H62单搭粘接接头胶层失效样貌相差较大;Al5052-Al5052单搭粘接接头胶层被撕裂的程度比H62-H62严重;Al5052-Al5052单搭粘接接头强度低于H62-H62。     

复合材料接头三维有限元应力分析

本文介绍了复合材料三维单元刚度矩阵,用三维有限元方法计算了复合材料层压耳片接头拉伸、剪切、弯曲载荷的问题,给出了孔边应力分布及弯曲时层间剪应力分布。结果表明,当载荷平行于铺层且沿厚度均匀分布时,应力沿厚度方向变化不大,主要与铺层角度有关,当载荷不平行铺层时,层间剪切应力和拉伸应力较大,是接头破坏的主要原因。     

胶接接头界面理论及其表面处理技术研究进展

胶接是用胶粘剂将被粘物表面连接在一起,形成可承受外载的胶接接头的过程,是涉及材料粘附、高分子材料老化机理、表面技术、力学性能测试等多个学科领域的边缘学科.介绍了与胶接接头界面紧密相关的弱界面层理论和润湿理论等领域的研究进展,总结了胶接接头表面处理方面的主要方法.     

航空用Al-Li合金阳极氧化对粘接性能的影响

为研究Al-Li合金不同粘接工艺对粘接性能的影响,对其进行了磷酸阳极化处理,并选用不同的胶黏剂来考察Al-Li合金粘接副的拉剪强度。结果表明,阳极化处理使Al-Li合金试片表面产生了微观粗糙的多孔膜,实现了粘接界面上良好的机械啮合。经阳极化处理后,Al-Li合金粘接性能显著提高,当粘接副采用Lord 320/322胶粘接时拉剪强度提高了49%,当粘接副采用FM94胶粘接时拉剪强度提高了167%,破坏模式多为内聚破坏。     

New designs of adhesive joints for thick composite laminates

New joint designs are proposed for adhesive bonding of thick multilayered composite adherends. The objective is to reduce or eliminate the failure modes associated with delamination and tensile and/or shear failure of the surface plies that are often observed in lap joints, and provide for a better stress distribution in the adhesive. In contrast to lap-joint designs, which transfer in-plane tensile stresses and other loads from the adherends to doubler plates by out-of-plane shearing of the surface plies, the new joint configurations transfer most of the load by in-plane shear and normal stresses, through bonded inserts or interlocking interfaces which have the same thickness as the laminate adherends. Doublers will transfer a calculated percentage of the load. Finite-element evaluations of the internal stresses in laminates, joined in both the conventional lap method and the new manner, suggest that the proposed load-transfer mechanism may improve joint efficiency by substantially increasing the size of adhesively bonded areas, and by making the stresses in the adherends nearly uniform through the thickness of the laminate. Some of the designs allow for selected ratios of shear to normal stresses in the adhesive layers. The stress concentrations often found in conventional designs, in the adherend surface plies and the adhesive layer at the leading edges of the doublers, are substantially reduced.     

Investigation of elastic stresses in an adhesively bonded single lap joint with functionally graded adherends in tension

In this study three-dimensional elastic stress state of an adhesively bonded single lap joint with functionally graded adherends in tension was investigated. The adherends compose of a functionally gradient layer between a pure ceramic (Al₂O₃) layer and a pure metal (Ni) layer. Stress concentrations are observed along the free edges of the adhesive layer and through the corresponding zones in the upper and lower adherends. The adhesive layer experiences stress concentrations along the left and right free edges in the horizontal plane, and the normal stresses and the shear stress σ_xy are critical. Whereas the middle overlap region has a uniform low stress distribution the zones in the upper adherend corresponding to the left free edge of the adhesive layer and the zones in the lower adherend corresponding to the right free edge of the adhesive layer are subjected to higher stresses. The normal stress σ_xx among the normal stresses and the shear stress σ_xy among the shear stresses are dominant in both upper and lower adherends. The normal stress σ_xx changes uniformly from compression in the ceramic layer to tension in the metal layer through the upper plate-thickness and from tension in the ceramic layer to compression in the metal layer through the lower plate-thickness. In the adhesive layer, the normal stress σ_yy becomes peak at the left free edge of the upper adherend–adhesive interface and at the right free edge of the lower adherend–adhesive interface and then decreases uniformly across the adhesive layer towards the other adherend–adhesive interface. The functionally gradient region across the adherend thickness was modelled using the layers with the mechanical properties calculated based on the power law. However, a layer number larger than 20 has a minor effect on the through-thickness profiles and magnitudes of von Mises and normal stresses in both the adherends and the adhesive. In addition, increasing the ceramic phase in the material composition (compositional gradient exponent n) of the functionally gradient region does not affect the through-thickness profiles of von Mises and normal stresses in the adherends and adhesive whereas their magnitudes in the ceramic rich layer of both adherends and along the adherend–adhesive interfaces increase considerably. On the contrary, the layer number and compositional gradient exponent have an evident effect on the through-thickness profiles and magnitudes of the critical stress components in the adherends and adhesive layer of the functionally graded adhesively bonded joints.     

Interface Corner Failure Analysis of Joint Strength: Effect of Adherend Stiffness

The strength of cylindrical butt joints, fabricated by bonding either aluminum or steel adherends together with an epoxy adhesive, has been determined for a wide range of bond thicknesses. Joint strength varied significantly with bond thickness. The measured strength of joints with steel adherends varied as the inverse cube root of bond thickness, while the strength of joints with aluminum adherends varied as the inverse fourth root of bond thickness. This bond thickness dependence is accurately predicted by an analysis that assumes failure occurs at a critical value of the interface corner stress intensity factor. The difference in the measured joint strength-bond thickness relation for joints with aluminum and steel adherends is a consequence of the difference in the order of the interface corner stress singularity.     

Improvement of the fracture toughness of adhesively bonded stainless steel joints with aramid fibers at cryogenic temperatures

Adhesives should be reinforced with reinforcing fibers for the bonding of adherends at cryogenic temperatures because all the adhesives become quite brittle at cryogenic temperatures. In this work, the film-type epoxy adhesive was reinforced with randomly oriented aramid fiber mats to decrease the CTE (Coefficient of Thermal Expansion) of the adhesive and to improve the fracture toughness of adhesive joints composed of stainless steel adherends at the cryogenic temperature of −150 °C. The cleavage tests of the DCB (Double Cantilever Beam) adhesive joints were performed to evaluate the fracture toughness and crack resistance of the adhesive joints. Also, the thermal and mechanical properties of the fiber reinforced adhesive layer were measured to investigate the relationship between the fracture toughness of adhesive joints and fiber volume fraction of aramid fibers. From the experiments, it was found that the crack propagated in the adhesive with the stable mode of significantly increased fracture toughness when the film-type epoxy adhesive was reinforced with aramid fiber mats. The optimum volume fraction of aramid fibers was suggested for the film-type epoxy adhesive in the adhesive joint at the cryogenic temperature of −150 °C.     

Mixed-mode cohesive fracture of adhesive joints: Experimental and numerical studies

A broad experimental and analytical effort using fracture mechanics as the prime tool was conducted to investigate and improve the understanding of the mixed-mode cohesive fracture behavior of bonded joints. As a part of experimental efforts, mixed-mode fracture tests were performed using modified Arcan specimens consisting of several combinations of adhesive, composite and metallic adherends with a special loading fixture, in which by varying the loading angle, from 0° to 90°, mode-I, mixed-mode and mode-II fracture data were obtained. Finite element analyses were also carried out on specimens with different adherends. The main objective of this study was to determine the fracture toughness K_IC and K_IIC for a range of substrates under mixed-mode loading conditions. Another goal was to study the relationship between the stress intensity factors and the fracture toughness. Based on those analyses, mixed mode fracture criterion for the adhesively bonded systems under consideration determined. Fracture surfaces obtained at different mixed-mode loading conditions for various adherends were finally discussed.     

Influence of root curvature on the fracture energy of adhesive layers

Previously performed experiments to study the mode I behavior of an adhesive layer revealed an apparent increase in the fracture toughness when the adherends deformed plastically. Attempts to simulate the experiments are made; both with elastically and plastically deforming adherends. Thus, effects of the size of the process zone and the deformation of the adherends are revealed. The adhesive layer is modeled using finite elements with different approaches; cohesive elements and representative volume elements. The adherends are modeled with solid elements. With a long process zone, all models give good results as compared to the experiments. However, only the model with representative volume elements gives good agreement for large root curvatures and correspondingly short process zones. The results are interpreted by analyzing the deformation and mechanisms of crack propagation in the representative volume elements. It is shown that with large root curvature of the adherends, the in-plane stretching of the adhesive layer gives a substantial contribution to the fracture energy. A simple formula is derived and shown to give an accurate prediction of the effects of the root curvature. This result indicates the limits of conventional cohesive zone modeling of an adhesive layer of finite thickness.     

On the effective constitutive properties of a thin adhesive layer loaded in peel

An experimental method to determine the complete stress-elongation relation for a structural adhesive loaded in peel is presented. Experiments are performed on the double cantilever beam specimen, which facilitates a more stable experimental set-up as compared with conventional methods like the butt-joint test. The method is based on the concept of equilibrium of the energetic forces acting on the specimen. Two sources of energetic forces are identified: the start of the adhesive layer and the positions of the two acting loads. By use of the concept of equilibrium of energetic forces, it is possible to measure the energy release rate of the adhesive layer instantaneously during an experiment. The complete stress-elongation relation is found to be the derivative of the energy release rate with respect to the elongation of the adhesive layer at its start. By this procedure, an effective property of the adhesive layer is measured. That is, the fields are assumed to be constant through the thickness of the layer and only vary along the layer. To investigate the validity of this approach, experiments are performed on five different groups of specimens with different dimensions. This leads to large variations in the length of the damage zone at the start of the adhesive layer. Four of the experimental groups are used to determine the stress-elongation relation. This is found to be independent of the geometry. For the remaining experimental group, the adherends deform plastically and simulations are performed with the stress-elongation relation determined from the four elastic groups. It is found that the relation cannot be used to accurately predict the behaviour of the experiments where the adherends deform plastically. This indicates that the stress-elongation relation has limited applicability.