云南主产烟区不同烤烟品种总糖含量分析

对1998年至2008年云南省12个烤烟种植区的31384个烟区的主栽烤烟品种烟叶总糖含量进行了分析,并对2004年至2008年14339个烤烟样品总糖含量的检测结果进行了统计分析。结果表明:80%以上云南烤烟样品的总糖含量在20%～35%之间;年度总糖含量呈上升趋势,近几年来趋于平稳;各州(市)间烤烟相同部位的总糖含量的差异达到显著水平,楚雄和丽江烤烟的总糖含量总体水平相对较高,文山和昭通相对较低;云南4个主栽品种烟叶总糖含量的高低顺序均为:云烟87云烟85K326红花大金元,其中云烟87与红大的总糖含量差异达显著水平,K326与云烟85不同部位中比较时,其差异显著性不同。     

云南省不同品种和产区烤烟中氯含量的差异分析

为了解云南烟叶氯含量的特征,对2004—2008年全省12个烤烟种植区不同主栽品种的10 190个烤烟烟叶样品氯含量进行了统计分析。结果表明,云南省烤烟烟叶样品的氯含量绝大部分在1.0~6.0 g/kg之间,各部位氯含量在1.0~6.0 g/kg之间的均占70%以上;各部位氯含量小于3.0 g/kg的均占60%以上。烟叶样品氯含量在州(市)间和品种间均存在一定的差异。氯含量总体上大理州和红河州相对较高,普洱市和文山州相对较低。云南4个主栽品种烟叶氯含量红花大金元品种显著高于其他3个品种,K326是中、上部叶显著高于云烟85、云烟87,下部叶K326、云烟85和云烟87差异不显著。云烟85和云烟87中部烟叶差异不显著,上部叶差异达显著水平。     

不同品种烤烟对土壤微量元素的响应

为了探明不同品种烤烟对土壤微量元素的响应能力,选用K326、云烟87和红花大金元(红大)3个品种,测定了烤烟根际土壤、根系及不同部位烟叶微量元素含量。结果表明:不同品种烤烟对土壤微量元素的响应能力表现为K326云烟87红大,不同微量元素在烤烟根系中的含量为FeMnZnCu。烟叶Cu含量表现为上部叶中部叶下部叶;Mn含量表现为下部叶中部叶上部叶;K326和红大烟叶Fe、Zn表现为下部叶中部叶上部叶,而云烟87则表现为中部叶下部叶上部叶。因此,对烤烟补充微肥时,应根据烤烟品种的特性合理进行,从而提升烟叶产量和品质。     

烤烟中草酸、苹果酸和柠檬酸含量的分析研究

以云南、四川、河南、重庆4个烟区云烟85、K326和红大3个品种的B2L、C2L、X2L等级烟叶为材料,采用GC法测定了169个烤烟烟叶样品中草酸、苹果酸和柠檬酸的含量,并对不同产地、品种、等级和部位烤烟烟叶的多元有机酸含量进行了统计分析,结果表明:①同一地区、K326和云烟85的相同等级烤烟烟叶中草酸、苹果酸和柠檬酸含量均没有显著差异;红大和云烟85的苹果酸含量没有显著差异,而红大的草酸和柠檬酸含量均高于云烟85;②不同地区、相同品种和等级的烤烟叶中,草酸含量均没有显著性差异;苹果酸、柠檬酸含量差异显著,含量的变化趋势为:河南重庆云南和四川;③同一地区和品种、不同部位的烤烟叶中,草酸含量均为上部明显高于中部和下部,而中部和下部相当;苹果酸含量在3个部位均有较大差别,依次为:上部中部下部;柠檬酸含量下部最高,中部与上部无显著差异。     

不同烤烟品种主要挥发性香气物质含量的比较与分析

采用同时蒸馏萃取-气相色谱/质谱法对云南主要烟区4个主栽品种红花大金元、K326、云烟87和云烟85共计390个样品的主要挥发性香气物质进行了分析。结果表明,红花大金元和K326品种上部和中部烟叶中主要挥发性香气物质总量、新植二烯和呋喃类化合物含量均显著高于云烟87和云烟85;红花大金元上部和中部烟叶的醇类和酚类化合物含量均显著高于K326、云烟87和云烟85,氮杂环类化合物含量则显著低于后3个品种。     

不同品种烤烟各部位烟叶成熟过程中非挥发性有机酸含量的变化

为探明不同品种烤烟各部位烟叶成熟过程中多元有机酸和高级脂肪酸含量变化的差异,以红大、云烟87、K326、中烟100为材料进行了研究。结果表明,中烟100中非挥发性有机酸含量较低,而红大、云烟87和K326较高,下部叶非挥性有机酸含量显著高于中部叶和上部叶。烟叶中多元有机酸含量随成熟增加而逐渐减少,上部叶、中部叶的高级脂肪酸含量则随成熟度增加表现出先减后增再减的趋势,而下部叶则表现为随成熟度增加而逐渐下降的趋势。     

湖南与云南烤烟黄酮化合物的含量分析

为了探索不同生态烟区和烤烟品种黄酮化合物含量的差异,以湖南和云南的K326、云烟87和云烟85为材料,分析研究了B2F, C3F, X2F烟叶中黄酮化合物含量的差异.结果表明,云南烤烟的黄酮含量显著高于湖南烤烟;不同等级烤烟的黄酮化合物含量存在极显著差异,且以B2F烟叶最高,C3F次之,X2F最低.云南7个主产区不同品种烤烟黄酮含量无显著差异,但昆明烟区的K326、云烟87和云烟85间黄酮化合物含量存在极显著差异.云南与湖南,以及不同等级之间的黄酮化合物含量差异与两烟区烤烟成熟期紫外光强度不同有关,这也是在相近生态烟区种植生态适应性较广的烤烟品种,其烟叶黄酮化合物含量差异不显著的原因之一.     

不同烤烟品种的类胡萝卜素、多酚含量及感官品质的比较

采用反相高效液相色语法对2009年云南种植的5个烤烟品种烟叶的类胡萝卜素和多酚含量进行了测定,并进行了感官评吸.结果表明:①不同品种烤烟的类胡萝卜素和多酚含量存在一定差异,烟叶类胡萝卜素含量以云烟85最高,K326最低,NC297,KRK26和云烟87居中;多酚含量以云烟87最高,NC297次之,KRK26最低.②各烤烟品种不同部位的含量差异表现为:云烟85、云烟87,K326和NC297的中部叶类胡萝卜素含量高于上部叶,KRK26的上部叶高于中部叶;各烤烟品种多酚类含量均为上部叶高于中部叶.③烤烟品种云烟87、云烟85和KRK26的感官质量优于NC297和K326,多酚类物质含量越高对感官质量越不利,类胡萝卜素含量过高或过低对烟叶的感官质量也不利.初步试验结果,类胡萝卜素的适宜含量为115～133μg/g,在此范围内多酚含量越低,烤烟感官品质越好.     

不同基因型烤烟中性致香物质含量的研究

对南阳烟区种植的9个不同基因型烤烟烤后上部和中部烟叶的主要中性致香物质含量进行了比较分析。结果表明：上部叶中性致香物质总量由高到低为中烟98、云烟87、云烟85、K326、8541、中烟100、NC89、9717、39511;中部叶依次为云烟87、中烟98、云烟85、K326、8541、中烟100、39511、NC89、9717。不同基因型烤烟间叶片中性致香物质含量差异明显,含量较高的是中烟98、云烟87、云烟85,含量较低的是9717、NC89、39511。     

烤烟质体色素含量的品种间差异及其与感官质量的关系

采用大田试验研究了不同产区主栽烤烟品种K326、NC89、中烟100、云烟85、云烟202、龙江911鲜烟叶和烤后烟叶质体色素含量的差异及其与感官质量的关系.结果表明:①在栽培措施和烘烤环境一致的条件下,不同品种和部位烟叶质体色素含量差异明显.中部鲜烟叶以中烟100和云烟202质体色素含量较高,K326和龙江911含量较低,上部鲜烟叶品种间差异小于中部烟叶,仍以K326和龙江911品种较低;烤后上、中部位烟叶均以云烟85和中烟100质体色素含量较高,但上部烟叶品种间叶绿素含量差异不大;②品种间质体色素含量和组成的差异与烟叶的感官质量,尤其是与香气品质间关系密切.上、中部位烟叶均以类胡萝卜素含量最高和最低的云烟85和云烟202香气品质较差,含量中等的K326烟叶香气品质较好,中部叶绿素含量较高的云烟85烟叶杂气和刺激性明显高于其它品种.     

Changes in smoking prevalence in Ukraine in 2001-5

Objectives

To analyse trends in smoking prevalence in Ukraine from three surveys conducted in 2001–5, and to explore correlates of observed changes, in order to estimate the stage of tobacco epidemic in Ukraine.

Design

Repeated national interview surveys in Ukraine in 2001, 2002 and 2005.

Main outcome measure

Prevalence of current smoking among the population aged ⩾15 years.

Results

The age‐standardised prevalence of current smoking in Ukrainian men was 54.8% in 2001 and 66.8% in 2005. Among Ukrainian women, prevalence increased from 11.5% in 2001 to 20.0% in 2005. ORs for yearly increase in prevalence were estimated as 1.164 (95% CI 1.111 to 1.220) for men and 1.187 (1.124 to 1.253) for women, which implies that, on average, 3–4% of men and 1.5–2% of women living in Ukraine join the smoking population each year.

Conclusions

In Ukraine, smoking prevalence is increasing in most population groups. Among men, the medium deprivation group with secondary education has the highest smoking prevalence. Among women, while the most educated, young and those living in larger cities are the leading group for tobacco use, other groups are also increasing their tobacco use. Tobacco promotion efforts appear to have been significantly more effective in Ukraine than smoking control efforts. The decrease in real cigarette prices in Ukraine in 2001–5 could be the main factor explaining the recent growth in smoking prevalence.Ukraine is a large eastern European country with high smoking prevalence. Tobacco products are widely available at very low prices, and the transnational tobacco industry is extremely successful in promoting its products and lobbying for its interests in the legislative field. Advocacy of tobacco control has only recently achieved some success in the legislative field, with the first tobacco control law being adopted in late 2005. Ukraine ratified the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control in 2006, but there is still much cause for concern regarding the enforcement and effectiveness of the adopted legislative measures. Unfortunately, the government is not yet involved in nationwide surveillance of the tobacco problem, and the available data have mostly been gathered with funding from foreign donors. Several attempts have been made to measure the extent of the tobacco epidemic in the countries of the former Soviet Union (FSU).^{1,2,3,4,5,6,7} Most of these studies have shown rather high smoking prevalence among men (50–70%) and comparatively low prevalence among women (5–20%). Most countries in the FSU have similar smoking rates, while certain trends are shown to be related to the differences in how the transnational tobacco industry succeeds in every national tobacco market.⁶ Unfortunately, few studies have been published showing trends in smoking prevalence in the FSU.⁷ In Ukraine, two studies^3,4 provided point estimates of smoking prevalence.The aim of this study was to analyse trends in smoking prevalence in Ukraine, on the basis of three surveys conducted in 2001–5, and to explore correlates of observed changes in order to estimate the stage of the tobacco epidemic in Ukraine.     

2010年河南省部分食品中重金属污染状况分析

了解河南省部分食品中重金属污染的现状。方法 在河南省18个省辖市采集8大类3 657份食品样品,按照国家标准检测食品中铅、镉和汞的含量,检测结果按照GB 2762—2012《食品安全国家标准食品中污染物限量》进行评价。结果 河南省部分食品中铅含量的平均值为0.34 mg/kg,总体超标率为8.8%(320/3 656),其中粮食、肉类和蔬菜中超标率较高,分别为17.2%(95/552)、14.5%(85/587)和10.7%(57/534);部分食品中镉含量的平均值为0.054 mg/kg,总体超标率为3.9%(143/3 657),其中食用菌和蛋类中超标率较高,分别为9.6%(49/508)和8.1%(42/518);部分食品中汞含量的平均值为0.077 mg/kg,总体超标率为8.3%(303/3 657),其中蔬菜和粮食中超标率较高,分别为25.3%(135/534)和12.3%(68/551)。结论 河南省部分食品中铅、汞污染情况较为严重,其中粮食、蔬菜和肉类食品中污染情况尤为突出,需要加强监管。     

Moulds and mycotoxins in sorghum stored in traditional containers in India

Various traditional containers have been used in India for storage of sorghum grains. Sorghum is susceptible to fungal infestation and toxin elaboration. The present study relates to the mould and mycotoxin contamination (aflatoxin B₁ and T-2 toxin) in stored sorghum in different storage containers viz. “Kotlu” (Storage rooms), earthenware pots, gunny bags and reed baskets. Aspergillus sp. and Fusarium sp. were the prominent genera and the “Kotlu” form of storage was most susceptible to fungal attack. Storage treatment had little effect on fungal contamination, but despite the fungal infestation, the mycotoxin contamination was found to be very low.     

中国固态发酵白酒中功能细菌研究进展

细菌是白酒酿造3大类微生物之一,其在白酒生产中有着重要的作用,如:芽孢杆菌、乳酸菌、放线菌和梭菌等,它们能产生酯类、有机酸、吡嗪、萜烯等微量成分,从而影响白酒的风味与品质。基于细菌在白酒中的重要功能以及微生物分离培养技术和分析检测技术的进步,近年来相关研究越来越深入。该文综述了近年来白酒功能细菌的研究进展,介绍了酿酒各个环节中主要功能细菌及其在白酒中的作用,旨在为白酒功能细菌的研究提供参考。     

Aflatoxins in black tea in Iran

Aflatoxins (AFs) are highly toxic, and carcinogenic secondary fungal metabolites and have been detected in various food commodities. In this regard, 40 black tea samples including domestic and imported black tea were analysed for aflatoxin contamination by high-performance liquid chromatography using a post-column derivatisation procedure (Kobra cell) with fluorescence detection. Samples were randomly collected in 2010 from Tehran markets. The results revealed that 30 among 40 samples were contaminated with aflatoxins (27.5% of the total). Mean AFB1 content was 10.0 ng/g and mean of aflatoxin total was 12.07 ng/g for the 11 contaminated samples.