变流量多蒸发器制冷系统仿真通用快速算法研究

针对目前变流量制冷系统仿真算法设计研究不多以及通用性不足,提出一种物理意义明确且通用的迭代算法（简称为ALG-I）及其变种算法（简称为ALG-II）。对迭代变量的选择,迭代判据的确定给出了操作准则和方法。对算法流程的关键步骤进行了详细阐述。ALG-I与ALG-II具有相似特性但需要的仿真时间不同。仿真结果表明,提出的算法能适用于任意数目蒸发器的变流量制冷系统仿真,且仿真时间未随蒸发器个数增大而急剧增加,表明算法具有与蒸发器个数无关的通用特性。从控制分析需要快速响应的要求来看,对于一拖一系统, ALG-II比ALG-I有优势,而对于一拖多系统,ALG-I则比ALG-II有优势。最后,系统对连续变化的控制变量（包括膨胀阀开度及压缩机转速）的合理响应表明提出的算法可以有效地用于VRF系统的能耗与控制仿真。     

EnergyPlus中变频多联空调系统蒸发温度控制能耗仿真模块的开发与实验验证

在当前建筑节能的理念和科技背景下,如何选用合适的空调系统方式来节约建筑物设备能耗,是建筑节能领域学者们最关注的问题之一.由于变频多联空调系统(VRF系统)具有良好的节能性,这种系统的仿真研究近年来发展迅速.利用基于BESP平台的EnergyPlus软件中建立的变频多联空调系统仿真模块和性能曲线法新增加的变频多联空调系统在改变蒸发温度的情况下VRF空调系统制冷量和能耗的计算功能,对实际办公室进行的夏季典型日空调系统能耗进行计算,并与实验结果进行对比及误差分析,对原模型进行了改进并提出了相应的建议.     

多联式空调制冷系统动态仿真研究

为了研究多联机制冷系统的动态性能,建立了基于简化气液两相流体网络的多联式空调制冷系统动态仿真模型.其中,压缩机和电子膨胀阀采用稳态模型,蒸发器和冷凝器采用移动边界动态仿真模型,气液分离器采用动态模型.采用Matlab和Simulink为仿真工具,对多联机动态仿真模型进行求解,并通过一套具有四台室内蒸发器的多联机系统的实验结果进行验证和改进.结果表明,该动态仿真模型能够准确预测多联机动态过程的变化趋势,并保持很高的计算精度,蒸发温度、冷凝温度和过热度的误差都在1.0℃左右,排气温度误差小于3.0℃,可以用于多联机动态性能分析,并可作为开发和优化多联机控制策略和控制算法的有效工具.     

变频空调制热工况仿真模块的开发与实验研究

在美国能源部动态建筑能耗模拟软件EnergyPlus的基础上,提出适合于动态能耗计算的变频多联空调（VRF）能耗算法,并开发相应的计算模块;同时,建立VRF实验测试系统,在冬季测试数据的基础上,进行能耗仿真比较验证。结果表明,平均供热量和耗电量误差分别为34．97％和26．51％,VRF能耗计算模块能够追踪EnergyPlus负荷计算的精度,并且正确反映机组的能耗特性。     

列车空调机组运行性能研究

建立了铁路空调列车车项单元式空调机组中冷凝器、蒸发器、毛细管、压缩机四大部件模型和系统仿真模型，对空调机组进行系统仿真计算。并分析了车外和车内空气温度变化对空调机组运行性能的影响．     

利用低位余热的喷射式制冷机性能研究

研究使用氟利昂作为工质的喷射式制冷机的性能，编制计算机仿真程序，分析状态参数对制冷循环性能的影响。计算结果表明这一装置可以用低位余热驱动，适用于空调系统。     

风速对不同流程数CO2蒸发器性能的影响

为研究迎面风速对不同流路数CO₂翅片管蒸发器性能的影响,本文建立分布参数模型对蒸发温度为-25℃,风速为0.5～4 m/s条件下5种流路数CO₂翅片管蒸发器的制冷剂压降、换热量、温度分布及传热系数的变化进行分析,并通过实验验证了蒸发器模型的可靠性。蒸发器模型的换热量、制冷剂压降和风侧压降等参数模拟值与相同工况下实验值的误差均在±4%以内。结果表明:同一流路数蒸发器的换热量、制冷剂压降及传热系数均随风速的增大而增大,而其涨幅随风速增大而减小,综合考虑换热效果和能耗可得最佳风速范围为2.5～3.5 m/s;在一定风速条件下,蒸发器设计时在合理范围内选择较多流路数可有效提升蒸发器换热性能并增强换热均匀性,本次实验中24流路蒸发器为最佳设计方案。     

Performance representation of variable-speed compressor for inverter air conditioners based on experimental data

Variable speed control of compressors is one of the best methods to regulate the capacity of heat pumps and air conditioners. An analysis is conducted for modeling the variable speed compressor for simulation of inverter air conditioner and heat pump. Having scattered the real operation performance of inverter compressor into infinite operation performance of constant speed compressor, the map-based method is utilized to fit the performance curves of inverter compressor. The model is built at the basic frequency and the map condition as the second-order function of condensation temperature and evaporation temperature. Then it is corrected by the compressor frequency as the second-order function of frequency and by the actual operating condition as the actual specific volume of the suction gas. This method is used to set up simulation models of three different compressors. Compared with the data provided by the compressor manufacturers, the average relative errors are less than 2, 3 and 4% for refrigerant mass flow rate, compressor power input and coefficient of performance (COP), respectively. This model of variable speed compressor is suitable for the simulation of inverter air conditioner and heat pump systems. Based on the experimental data and simulation model, the frequency at zero mass flow rate and power input at zero frequency are discussed and the relation between COP and compressor frequency is analyzed.     

夏季冷热联供模式下的燃气机热泵机组性能分析

本文建立了一套以R134a为制冷剂工质、以天然气为一次能源驱动开启式压缩机做功的燃气机热泵系统,研究了当蒸发器进水温度为12～22℃,室外环境温度为24.2～35.6℃,发动机转速为1 400～2 000 r/min,夏季冷热联供模式时,空气源燃气机热泵(GEHP)机组的性能。结果表明:发动机转速和蒸发器进水温度的变化对系统性能的影响大于室外环境温度变化的影响。随着发动机转速由1 400 r/min增至2 000 r/min,系统COP_1、COP_2、PER_1、PER_2分别减小了15.5%、9.9%、18.8%、13.5%。在工况范围内,机组冷水出水温度可达6.7～19.3℃,热水出水温度可达40.7～61.7℃,考虑余热回收情况下系统PER_2可达1.14～1.45。     

补气增焓低温多联机制热性能实验研究

低温空气源热泵产品普遍采用中间补气技术解决空气源低温多联机在低温环境中能力衰减严重的问题.本文研究了低温多联机中间补气增焓系统,通过多联机性能实验测试对系统压力、温度等参数进行测试,并对测试数据进行拟合分析,确定了补气增焓技术的控制要素:流经室外换热器的制热主路制冷剂的质量流量与状态是多联机补气增焓控制中的主要因素;中...     

Distributed steady and dynamic modelling of dry-expansion evaporators: Modèlisation du régime stable et du régime transitoire des évaporateurs à détente sèche

A general distributed parameter model is presented to describe both steady and dynamic behaviors of dry-expansion evaporators. The homogeneous and three different non-homogeneous two-phase flow models are used to evaluate the impact of different flow models on the accuracy of the simulation. The experimental work was carried out on a full-scale refrigeration system with R-134a as the working fluid and without frost formation at the evaporator. Comparison between the modelling and experimental measurements shows that the drift flux flow models give satisfactory predictions. The simulation results indicate that an even air temperature distribution off the evaporator may be obtained by controlling liquid dry-out point at the two ends of the coil. The study also indicates that the counterflow configuration provides a higher heat exchange efficiency with a slower transient response compared with the cocurrent-flow configuration. A general distributed parameter model is presented to describe both steady and dynamic behaviors of dry-expansion evaporators. The homogeneous and three different non-homogeneous two-phase flow models are used to evaluate the impact of different flow models on the accuracy of the simulation. The experimental work was carried out on a full-scale refrigeration system with R-134a as the working fluid and without frost formation at the evaporator. Comparison between the modelling and experimental measurements shows that the drift flux flow models give satisfactory predictions. The simulation results indicate that an even air temperature distribution off the evaporator may be obtained by controlling liquid dry-out point at the two ends of the coil. The study also indicates that the counterflow configuration provides a higher heat exchange efficiency with a slower transient response compared with the cocurrent-flow configuration.     

A hybrid transient model for simulation of air-cooled refrigeration systems: Description and experimental validation

In this paper are described a hybrid dynamic model for transient simulation of refrigeration systems as well as dynamic experiments that have been performed on an air/water heap pump. The machine under consideration is made of an evaporator, a condenser, an expansion valve, a variable speed scroll compressor and a receiver. The refrigerant and second fluid flows in heat exchangers are approximated by a cascade of Continuous Stirred Tank Reactors (CSTRs). This model is quite flexible since a unique structure is used for the evaporator and the condenser models according to different boundary conditions. This is due to the use of a switching procedure between different configurations based on a phase stability test that is designed to ensure the continuity of the system simulation. An analytical thermodynamic model of the refrigerant based on an equation of state is used. Good agreement between simulation results and experimental data is achieved.     

采用微通道蒸发器的分离式热管充液率实验研究

采用微通道换热器作为分离式热管的蒸发器,在充液率为80%~150%之间进行了实验研究。实验测量了微通道蒸发器换热量、管壁温度分布及系统EER,分析了不同充液率下微通道蒸发器的工作状态,计算了蒸发器传热系数,实验结果表明:微通道蒸发器换热量随室内外温差的增大而增大,分离式热管最佳充液率为120%左右。此外,与翅片管蒸发器进行了实验对比,在换热量相当的条件下,微通道蒸发器重量减轻了45%,系统工质充注量降低了51.9%,系统EER提高了2.8%。     

Modeling and experimental evaluation of an automotive air conditioning system with a variable capacity compressor

A steady state computer simulation model has been developed for refrigeration circuits of automobile air conditioning systems. The simulation model includes a variable capacity compressor and a thermostatic expansion valve in addition to the evaporator and micro channel parallel flow condenser. An experimental bench made up of original components from the air conditioning system of a compact passenger vehicle has been developed in order to check results from the model. The refrigeration circuit was equipped with a variable capacity compressor run by an electric motor controlled by a frequency converter. Effects on system performance of such operational parameters as compressor speed, return air in the evaporator and condensing air temperatures have been experimentally evaluated and simulated by means of developed model. Model results deviate from the experimentally obtained within a 20% range though most of them are within a 10% range. Effects of the refrigerant inventory have also been experimentally evaluated with results showing no effects on system performance over a wide range of refrigerant charges.     

制冷系统变工况性能数值模拟

采用分布参数法建立制冷系统数学模型,在建立冷凝器和蒸发器两相区模型时采用分相流模型,并考虑流型变化对制冷剂流动换热过程的影响。利用所建模型,分析电子膨胀阀开度、压缩机转速、冷凝器风速等参数变化对系统性能的影响,为控制规律的研究提供依据。     

基于制冷剂物性计算修正的变流量空调系统控制分析仿真

利用TRNSYS软件平台建立了基于控制分析的变流量空调系统仿真器,并建立了R410a物性的显式快速计算模型。在该仿真平台上进行吸气过热度控制仿真实验时,发现制冷剂物性计算的连续性和复现性会影响控制仿真结果,因此对制冷剂物性计算模型做了合适的的修正,保证了仿真计算的连续性和良好的复现性。结果表明：经过修正的R410a物性计算模型仍能保持较高精度,并可以有效改善吸气过热度控制的稳定性。     

A state-space dynamic model for vapor compression refrigeration system based on moving-boundary formulation

A transient response model for vapor compression refrigeration system has been developed in the paper. The system model contains four sub-models representing condenser, evaporator, compressor and electronic expansion valve (EEV). The condenser and the evaporator are developed based on the moving-boundary formulation. Through linearization, these dynamic models are transformed into state-space representation which is expressed in the form of matrix. The compressor and EEV adopt steady models because their thermal inertia is much smaller compared with the heat exchangers (i.e., condenser and the evaporator). The system model has been validated by experiment in terms of step change of EEV opening degree and heat load as well as ramp increase of inlet temperature of coolant oil of condenser. The results show that the model simulations have a good agreement with the experimental data. The simulation errors compared with the experimental data are mostly less than 10%. Since the model proposed in this study is expressed in the form of state-space matrix, they are featured by strong portability and high computation efficiency. It allows us to investigate the thermal dynamic characteristics of a refrigeration system under any complicated conditions and develop excellent control schemes.     

多联式空调换热器自动清洁功能研究

为研究空调的除尘和杀菌能力,使空调提供品质优良的空气,本文设计了基于变制冷剂流量型多联式空调系统换热器的自动清洁功能。首先通过换热器产生凝结水实现室内机除尘清洗,然后通过换热器产生高温实现室内机杀菌。通过选用空调中常见的翅片管式换热器,以室内机的凝结水量和盘管表面温度为指标,实验分析了室内风机转速、压缩机频率、室外温度、运行时长等对换热器除尘和杀菌能力的影响。结果表明:在除尘阶段,随着室内风机转速的增加,凝结水量先增加后降低,在相同的条件下运行20 min,室内风机转速为350 r/min时凝结水量达到最优值186 g,可以达到最优的清洁效果,增加运行时长、提高压缩机运行频率可提高凝结水量;在杀菌阶段,降低室内风机转速可提高换热器的盘管温度,转速为200 r/min时盘管温度达58.6℃,提高室外温度有利于提升杀菌阶段的盘管温度,但会降低除尘阶段的凝结水量。     

过冷却回路对多联机性能的影响

本文实验研究了过冷却回路对多联机制冷和制热性能的影响,并提出多联机过冷却回路的控制策略。结果表明:室内、外机之间的配管越长、负荷率越大及室外机入口水温越高,过冷却回路对多联机制冷量和EER的优化潜力越大;过冷却回路对制热量和制热COP均无显著影响。提出将室外机模块出口过冷度、压缩机排气温度和过冷却换热器节流侧出口过热度作为过冷却回路的开启判据和控制目标参数。