刀具磨损对TB6钛合金车削表面残余应力影响的研究

表面残余应力是表面完整性的重要指标,基于此研究刀具磨损对TB6钛合金车削表面残余应力的影响。应用计算机软件建立磨损刀具与TB6钛合金的有限元模型,仿真分析不同后刀面磨损量的刀具在车削过程中对切削力、切削温度和表面残余应力的影响,得到切削力、切削温度的变化趋势,以及进给方向和切削方向的表面残余应力受影响规律。     

基于热力耦合模型的切削加工残余应力的模拟及试验研究

航空精密薄壁零件具有复杂的型腔结构,切削加工残余应力是薄壁零件精度稳定性的重要影响因素,因此必须对切削加工残余应力进行研究。根据热—弹塑性有限元理论,建立切削加工三维有限元模型,对航空铝合金材料Al2A12进行切削加工非线性弹塑性有限元模拟分析,对切削加工表面残余应力进行预测和计算。通过有限元分析,得到不同切削参数、刀具参数条件下的已加工表面残余应力的模拟结果,并对结果进行比较分析,得到各个因素对工件已加工表面残余应力的基本影响规律;进行不同加工工序条件下的切削加工残余应力的有限元模拟,在加工表面已有一次切削加工残余应力分布的情况下,进行二次切削加工有限元模拟,得到二次切削加工对工件已加工表面残余应力的影响规律;并且进行不同切削参数对残余应力影响的试验研究,验证有限元模型的正确性。     

钛合金Ti-6Al-4V高压冷却车削过程有限元分析

随着钛合金的广泛应用,改善其切削加工性、提高加工表面完整性的试验研究也已得到广泛重视,但对该过程的仿真分析尚不成熟。通过Deform 3D仿真软件建立有限元仿真模型,模拟钛合金Ti-6Al-4V在干切削、普通冷却及高压冷却环境下的车削过程,研究切削环境对切削力、切削温度等加工过程量的影响,获取已加工工件距离加工表面不同深度的残余应力分布,分析高压冷却对钛合金Ti-6Al-4V加工表面残余应力的影响规律。通过钛合金Ti-6Al-4V车削试验测量切削力及刀具表面切削温度,并与有限元仿真模型对比,以验证其可靠性。仿真结果表明:随着切削液压强的增加,切削力增加,刀具表面切削温度降低,高压冷却可有效增强切削液的冷却作用。干切削时,已加工表面(d2=0)为残余拉应力;随着切削液压强的增加,已加工表面残余应力状态逐渐由残余拉应力向残余压应力转变,当切削液压强为200 bar时,已加工表面残余应力为残余压应力,且此时已加工表面残余压应力为最大值。随着测量深度的增加,残余应力值增大,在所有切削试验中,最大残余压应力值均在距离已加工表面相同距离。仿真结果与试验结果的对比证明了有限元仿真模型的可靠性,为钛合金Ti-6Al-4V高压冷却加工热力耦合分析和优化设计提供了理论依据。     

42CrMo钢精车加工表面残余应力有限元仿真研究

基于ABAQUS软件建立了42CrMo锻钢活塞外圆精车加工的二维切削仿真模型,采用单因素法研究了切削参数对残余应力的影响规律.结果 表明:42CrMo钢精车加工过程中,热应力引起的残余拉应力起主导作用,已加工表面产生残余拉应力并沿深度方向迅速转变为压应力.残余应力层深度随进给量和背吃刀量的增大而增大,切削速度对残余应力层深度影响不显著.表面残余拉应力随切削速度和进给量的增大而增大,背吃刀量对表面残余应力影响不显著.最大残余拉应力出现在工件已加工表面以下,表面残余应力、最大残余拉应力和最大残余压应力随切削参数的变化趋势与切削温度随切削参数的变化趋势基本一致.     

后刀面磨损对加工表面残余应力的影响研究

残余应力是衡量加工表面质量的一项重要指标,切削过程中刀具后刀面磨损会对加工表面残余应力产生重要影响。以弱刚度高精度件齿圈为研究对象,研究后刀面磨损对残余应力的影响。设计了刀具磨损几何模型,建立了齿圈切削二维仿真有限元模型,通过仿真分析了不同后刀面磨损量条件下齿圈加工表面残余应力,得到了残余应力随后刀面磨损量的变化规律,并利用钻孔法测试了残余应力,结果表明,仿真数据可靠。     

预应力切削钛合金的有限元分析

为揭示预应力切削对钛合金Ti6Al4V加工表面残余应力的调整机理,探讨切削时锯齿形切屑的形成过程,基于预应力切削原理建立了钛合金的预应力切削有限元模型,模拟了0、280 MPa和560 MPa这3种预应力下的锯齿形切屑形成过程以及已加工表面的残余应力分布。结果表明:采用预应力切削方法可以调整钛合金已加工表面的残余应力状态;预应力对锯齿形切屑的形成过程和切屑特征无明显影响;在材料弹性极限内施加越大的预应力,表面层残余压应力效果越显著,次表层最大残余压应力值越高,残余压应力层分布也越深。     

超声振动切削铝合金表面残余应力的有限元仿真

针对航空铝合金结构件加工的表面质量问题,利用有限元软件ABAQUS建立了基于Johnson-Cook本构的铝合金7050-T7451二维正交热力耦合模型。在相同的切削参数下,比较了传统切削、横向(即切削方向)振动切削和纵向(即轴向)振动切削加工的表面层残余应力,并研究了超声振动切削参数、振动频率、振动幅值下,对残余应力的影响规律;通过引用相关文献残余应力的实验数据,验证了仿真模型的正确性。研究结果表明:3种切削方式的表面残余应力均为压应力,沿深度方向向残余拉应力过渡,并且振动切削可以明显提高工件表面的残余压应力;表面残余压应力随切削速度和切深的提高而减小,表面残余压应力随着振幅或频率的增大而逐渐增大。     

残余应力与边界条件耦合作用对H型钢柱构件承载能力的影响

H型钢构件在生产过程中将不可避免的产生残余应力,而残余应力的存在将极大地影响构件的承载能力。采用盲孔法测试了大H型钢构件的残余应力分布,根据对大型H型钢构件的残余应力测试结果在有限元模型中引入不同残余应力分布和边界条件,讨论了残余应力与边界条件耦合作用对构件承载能力的影响。结果表明对于不同的边界条件和残余应力分布,H型钢柱构件的承载能力表现出不同的敏感性,该结果对H型钢结构设计具有一定的指导作用。     

难加工材料硬态干车削中切削参数对残余应力的影响

本文对切削参数和残余应力之间的关系的进行研究.针对某型号高强高硬钢在硬态干车削过程,研究了各切削参数对已加工表面残余应力及残余应力层深分布的影响.结果发现,不同的切削参数条件下,工件已加工表面残余应力可以为拉应力也可以为压应力,残余应力作用层深度为300μm左右.对残余应力影响较大的切削因素为切削速度和进给量,切深对残余应力影响较小,切削参数选择低速低进给时,容易得到有利于提高工件疲劳寿命的表面残余压应力.     

加工表面残余应力的有限元—应力松弛联合建模及预测分析

针对切削加工表面残余应力有限元模型预测效率低、解析预测模型互换性不强的问题,提出切削有限元模型和应力松弛解析模型的联合建模预测。基于有限元仿真模拟切削加工过程获取已加工表面的应力、应变及温度等基础物理变量,通过应力松弛解析模型计算残余应力,通过H13热作模具钢直角切削实验和有限元仿真验证预测模型,基于联合模型分析了不同刀具几何参数对残余应力分布的影响规律和显著性。结果表明,该模型能高效、低成本、高精度地预测沿工件表面深度的残余应力分布。本研究对促进残余应力预测方法的发展有一定的参考价值。     

Finite element analysis of the effect of sequential cuts and tool–chip friction on residual stresses in a machined layer

A thermo-elastic–viscoplastic model using explicit finite element code Abaqus was developed to investigate the effect of sequential cuts and tool–chip friction on residual stresses in a machined layer. Chip formation, cutting forces and temperature were also examined in the sequential cuts. The affected layer from the first cut slightly changes the chip thickness, cutting forces, residual strain and temperature of the machined layer, but significantly affects the residual stress distribution produced by the second cut. Residual stress is sensitive to friction condition of the tool–chip interface. Simulation results offer an insight into residual stresses induced in sequential cuts. Based on simulation results, characteristics of residual stress distribution can be controlled by optimizing the second cut.     

Improved analytical model for residual stress prediction in orthogonal cutting

The analytical model of residual stress in orthogonal cutting proposed by Jiann is an important tool for residual stress prediction in orthogonal cutting. In application of the model, a problem of low precision of the surface residual stress prediction is found. By theoretical analysis, several shortages of Jiann’s model are picked out, including: inappropriate boundary conditions, unreasonable calculation method of thermal stress, ignorance of stress constraint and cyclic loading algorithm. These shortages may directly lead to the low precision of the surface residual stress prediction. To eliminate these shortages and make the prediction more accurate, an improved model is proposed. In this model, a new contact boundary condition between tool and workpiece is used to make it in accord with the real cutting process; an improved calculation method of thermal stress is adopted; a stress constraint is added according to the volume-constancy of plastic deformation; and the accumulative effect of the stresses during cyclic loading is considered. At last, an experiment for measuring residual stress in cutting AISI 1045 steel is conducted. Also, Jiann’s model and the improved model are simulated under the same conditions with cutting experiment. The comparisons show that the surface residual stresses predicted by the improved model is closer to the experimental results than the results predicted by Jiann’s model.     

Predictive modeling of residual stress in minimum quantity lubrication machining

Residual stress is one of the critical characteristics for assessing the surface integrity of machined components as it poses a strong bearing on the service quality, functionality, and life of the machined components. The machined-in residual stresses can be affected by cutting parameters, tool geometry, material properties, and lubrication conditions. A physics-based relationship between residual stresses and processing conditions could support process planning in achieving desirable part quality and functionality. This paper presents an analytical model that predicts the residual stresses in machining under minimum quantity lubrication (MQL) condition as functions of cutting parameters, tool geometry, material properties as well as MQL application parameters. Both the lubrication and cooling effects caused by MQL air–oil mixture contribute to changes in friction due to boundary lubrication as well as changes in the thermal stress due to heat loss. The cutting force and cutting temperature are coupled into a thermal–mechanical model which incorporates the kinematic hardening and strain compatibility to predict the resulting residual stress under lubricated conditions. The residual stress prediction model is verified for orthogonal tube facing of TC4 alloy. The predicted residual stresses captured the measured results well in terms of the trend and magnitude.     

Improving surface integrity in finish machining of Inconel 718 alloy using intelligent systems

In machining of hard materials, surface integrity is one of the major customer requirements which comprise the study of the changes induced to the workpiece. Surface roughness and residual stress are often considered as the most significant indications of surface integrity. Inducing tensile residual stress during the machining processes is a critical problem which should be avoided or minimized to obtain better service quality and component life. This problem becomes more evident in the presence of rough machined surface because fatigue life of manufactured components might be decreased significantly. Inconel 718 superalloy is one of the hard materials used extensively in the aerospace industries. It is prone to tensile residual stress in machined surface. Thus, controlling and optimizing residual stress and surface roughness in machining of Inconel 718 are so needed. Intelligent techniques based on the predictive and optimization models can be used efficiently for this purpose. In this study, the optimal machining parameters including cutting speed, depth of cut, and feed rate were accessed by intelligent systems to evaluate the state of residual stress and surface roughness in finish turning of Inconel 718. The results of experiments and analyses indicated that implemented techniques in this work provided a robust framework for improving surface integrity in machining of Inconel 718 alloy. It was shown that cutting speed has more effect on surface integrity than other investigated parameters. Also, depth of cut and feed rate were found in the moderate range to obtain satisfactory state of tensile residual stress and surface roughness.     

预应力切削镍基高温合金的试验研究

针对镍基高温合金在切削后加工表面分布严重的残余拉应力等问题,提出采用预应力切削方法,以实现在加工过程中主动控制加工表面残余应力分布状态;通过研制轴类零件的车床专用预拉伸装置,在0 MPa、150 MPa和300 MPa三种预应力条件下对高温合金轴件进行预拉伸处理;通过硬质合金刀具预应力切削镍基高温合金的对比试验,对三种预应力条件下的切削力、切屑形态以及表面完整性包括已加工表面残余应力、加工表面粗糙度、表面形貌和显微硬度等指标进行对比。结果表明：在一定范围内,采用预应力切削方法可省去加工后续的残余应力调整工序,并能在加工表面获得合适的残余压应力;残余压应力的值可通过调整施加的预应力大小来进行主动控制;与普通切削相比,预应力切削可得到均匀的锯齿形切屑,切削力没有显著增加;预应力切削可获得良好的表面完整性,且不会引来额外的加工硬化。     

The formation mechanism and the influence factor of residual stress in machining

Residual stresses generated in cutting process have important influences on workpiece performance. The paper presents a method of theoretical analysis in order to explicate the formation mechanism of residual stresses in cutting. An important conclusion is drawn that the accumulated plastic strain is the main factor which determines the nature and the magnitude of surface residual stresses in the workpiece. On the basis of the analytical model for residual stress, a series of simulations for residual stress prediction during cutting AISI 1045 steel are implemented in order to obtain the influences of cutting speed, depth of cut and tool edge radius on surface residual stress in the workpiece. And these influences are explained from the perspective of formation mechanism of residual stress in cutting. The conclusions have good applicability and can be used to guide the parameters selection in actual production.     

Effects of Cutting Angles in Ti-6al-4v Milling Process on Surface Integrity: Influence of Roughness and Residual Stresses on Fatigue Limit

□ The influence of the milling process on the fatigue behavior of a titanium alloy was investigated. The effect of cutting conditions such as the cutting angles (axial and radial rake angle) on the surface integrity (roughness and the residual stresses) was observed. The results indicated that the cutting angles have a limited influence on roughness parameters, whereas the effects on residual stresses were greater. A negative axial rake angle induced compressive residual stresses regardless of the radial rake angle. In contrast, a positive axial rake angle combined with negative radial rake angle induced tensile residual stresses. To evaluate the fatigue limit, the four point fatigue tests were carried out. Result showed the fatigue limit is sensitive to the surface integrity. The fatigue limit was also evaluated by analytical method (Arola model). A good correlation was found between the analytical results and the experimental results when cutting angles induced compressive residual stress. However the Arola model was less accurate for tensile residual stress surface condition. To improve the prediction precision, the residual stress was considered as a sensitivity parameter and added to Arola model.     

Machining of NiTi-shape memory alloys-A review

The emerging trends in the development of advanced smart materials with better unique properties under different environments for a particular application fascinate the researchers and industrialists. Nickel-Titanium based shape memory alloys are exotic materials due to their unique properties such as SME, SE, high damping characteristics, high corrosion and wear resistance and biocompatibility. This article presents an overview of machining processes that can be used to machine the NiTi and its surface induced characteristics such as microhardness, surface roughness, topography, induced layer, residual stress, fatigue and phase transformation. The surface integrity characteristics are discussed for machining of NiTi-SMAs under the category of traditional, non-traditional and micro-machining with the effect of input parameters such as cutting speed, feed, depth of cut, type of lubricant and type of coating material on cutting tool. The conventional machining of NiTi alloys are quite complicated due to high toughness, severe strain hardening, fatigue hardening and distinctive property of NiTi-SMAs such as pseudoelastic and shape memory effect. From this study, non-traditional process is significantly used to machine the NiTi-SMAs due to its better results on surface integrity characteristics. Consequently, future trends are also identified for machining the NiTi-SMAs and to improve the surface integrity characteristics.     

Optimization of cutting conditions for minimum residual stress,cutting force and surface roughness in end milling of S50C medium carbon steel

Residual stresses are usually imposed on a machined component due to thermal and mechanical loading. Tensile residual stresses are detrimental as it could shorten the fatigue life of the component; meanwhile, compressive residual stresses are beneficial as it could prolong the fatigue life. Thermal and mechanical loading significantly affect the behavior of residual stress. Therefore, this research focused on the effects of lubricant and milling mode during end milling of S50C medium carbon steel. Numerical factors, namely, spindle speed, feed rate and depth of cut and categorical factors, namely, lubrication and milling mode is optimized using D-optimal experimentation. Mathematical model is developed for the prediction of residual stress, cutting force and surface roughness based on response surface methodology (RSM). Results show that minimum residual stress and cutting force can be achieved during up milling, by adopting the MQL-SiO₂ nanolubrication system. Meanwhile, during down milling minimum residual stress and cutting force can be achieved with flood cutting. Moreover, minimum surface roughness can be attained during flood cutting in both up and down milling. The response surface plots indicate that the effect of spindle speed and feed rate is less significant at low depth of cut but this effect significantly increases the residual stress, cutting force and surface roughness as the depth of cut increases.     

模具钢Cr12MoV硬态铣削过程切削力的研究

切削力是铣削机理研究的重要对象,与刀具磨损和已加工表面质量等指标关系密切。本文通过软件ThirdWave建立了球头铣刀高速铣削模具钢Cr12MoV的仿真模型。该模型采用了网格自适应技术和删除技术。成功实现了切削力的高精度仿真,并对仿真模型进行了实验验证。模型分析了切入切出过程切削力的变化特性,同时也揭示了切削条件对切削力变化的影响规律。本研究成果可对切削工艺条件的合理选择提供借鉴。