影响啤酒风味物质简述

影响啤酒风味的物质可分为：醇、酯、羰基化合物、酸、含硫化合物、胺（挥发性）和酚基化合物等，而来源于产生于这种物质主要是：麦芽、谷物辅料、酒花、酵母的发酵等，这里主要阐述由于发酵作用而产生的影响啤酒风味的形成机理，当然双乙酸也是影响啤酒风味的重要原因之一。     

啤酒酿造中关键风味物质的形成与控制

1 关键风味物质的形成机理 1.1 高级醇,它可由两条途径形式:一条途径称为Ehrich途径,即降解代谢途径.另一条途径是生物合成代谢途径,酵母利用碳水化合物为碳源,生物合成氨基酸的最后阶段形成了α-酮酸中间体,由此脱羧和还原就可形成相应的高级醇.酵母的高级醇合成是起到调节细胞内氧化还原的平衡,包括NAD+/NADH平衡和NADP+/NADPH的平衡,同时通过逸出α-酮酸有助细胞内pH值的控制.     

啤酒风味：酯

菠萝味、凤梨昧、茴香味、梨味、玫瑰花味和番木瓜味等这些风味会让人更多地与葡萄酒而不是与啤酒联系在一起。尽管这样,某些风格的啤酒会让你马上领略到酯的价值。1 啤酒中的酯Mcilgaard 有关风味阈值的著名论文(MBAATcch Quart,1975,vol.12.PP-151-168)列出了48种啤酒中的酯类。如(表1)所示。     

影响啤酒风味的几种主要物质及控制方法

影响啤酒风味的几种主要物质及控制方法蒋明君姜虹孙劲楠（齐齐哈尔明月企业集团有限公司）啤酒是一种营养丰富的清凉饮料，其风味由于所采用的原料、酿造方法、设备情况等方面的不同，口味有不同的风格。影响风味的因素很多，主要决定于风味物质及工艺控制的风味物质多少...     

啤酒风味物质对啤酒风味的影响及控制的研究

啤酒中微量风味物质的含量及正确配伍,赋予了啤酒最佳的口味。讨论了风味物质的影响及其相应的控制。     

压力对啤酒风味物质的影响

以酵母菌为研究对象,以气体为加压介质,用麦芽汁作啤洒发酵培养基,研究了不同压力对酵母菌生长以及产生的啤酒风味物质的影响.结果表明,压力对啤酒风味物质的形成有较大影响:即双乙酰生成速率和还原速率都随着压力的升高而降低;醇类、酯类的产量也随着压力的升高而降低;而乙醛的产量却都随着压力的升高而增加.     

浅谈啤酒中风味物质的影响因素

风味物质是保持啤酒正常口味的重要物质,尽管它们浓度很低,但对啤酒口味的影响很大,它们赋予啤酒特有的风味,使酒体丰满协调。本文主要从原料和生产过程等方面,论述影响和控制啤酒中风味物质生成的因素。     

浅谈啤酒酿造过程中的风味物质

麦汁经过发酵，其主要代跚产物是乙醇和二氧化碳，同时还产生了一系列代谢副产物。这些副产物，虽然比例很小，除去少量异味外，却是构成啤酒风味不呵缺少的物质。但是这些微量物质超过一定范围，也会造成啤酒口味上的缺陷。啤酒酿造者要掌握好这些不同风味阈值的微量成分，在其共同作用下，必将呈现使人们乐于接受的良好啤酒风格。     

啤酒中的风味物质及其防止啤酒风味老化的措施

通过对啤酒中的风味物质及其阈值的分析,研究了防止啤酒风味老化的措施。     

啤酒生产中的微生物管理

对啤酒中可能存在的微生物以及对啤酒的危害作用进行了分析,并根据各种微生物的来源对各生产工序进行相应的清洗灭菌工作,以加强微生物的有效控制,确保啤酒质量。     

淡爽型啤酒生产技术的研究

以麦芽、大米、酒花为原料 ,对不同比例的麦芽用量作了小试 ,认为用45 %较55%为佳 ;辅料大米以37%为好 ,糖化pH5.2～5.4,糊化pH6.0～6.3,煮沸90min ,第一次加酒花2kg,第二次加酒花9kg,第三次加酒花7kg,接种酵母7.0‰ ,发酵最高温度12℃ ,最高压力0.12MPa,发酵第6天开始测双乙酰 ,当双乙酰降至0.8×10-7时 ,保温48h ,再以0.3℃/h降至0℃ ,后酵7天以上。成品酒理化指标达GB4929—91优级标准。     

啤酒发酵的风味模型

介绍了以已知的生化途径为基础的新的啤酒发酵模型。模型又进一步分为生长模型、氨基酸模型及风味（香味）模型，适用于啤酒发酵的联机测定、联机控制及工艺过程最佳化的研究。     

果味啤酒的研制

啤酒酿造过程中，添加水果原汁混合发酵生产水果汁啤酒，非生物稳定性差，采用碳酸饮料的啤酒酿造相结合的生产工艺，开发研制的果味酒泡沫洁白，挂杯，酸甜可口。     

A Discussion of Polyphenols in Beer Physical and Flavour Stability

Generally referred to as polyphenols (PPs), beer flavonoids such as the flavan‐3‐ols and their condensed products, the proantho‐cyanidins, represent a class of readily oxidizable compounds capable of hindering or preventing the oxidation of other molecules present in beer. Flavan‐3‐ol and proanthocyanidin capacity to improve oxidative stability has been well established in other food systems, and thus these antioxidants have recently gained significant consideration as potential beer flavour modifiers and/or stabilizers. The duality of their presence in beer is that PPs complex with proteins in the beer matrix to form temporary and permanent hazes. Undesirable physical instability caused by PP‐protein interactions can be resolved via use of adsorptive resins such as polyvinylpyrrolidine. While there is no doubt that polyphenol removal increases beer shelf stability in terms of haze formation, the impact of polyphenol removal on beer flavour remains unresolved. This review discusses the sources, content and impact of polyphenol presence and removal on beer physical and flavour stability.     

Perception of Beer Flavour Associates with Thermal Taster Status

Beer flavour, and thus much of the consumer experience of beer, is determined by the sensations elicited when it is taken into the mouth. Thus, individual differences in the perception of these oral sensations may contribute to the variation in consumer behaviour. A new taste phenotype shown to associate with the intensity of oral sensations elicited by simple solutions is thermal taster status (TTS). Thermal tasters (TTs) perceive ‘phantom’ tastes with thermal stimulation of the tongue, while thermal non‐tasters (TnTs) do not. Here, we investigate the effect of TTS on the perceived intensity of bitterness, sourness, sweetness, fullness, carbonation and overall flavour intensity elicited by seven beers representing classic styles — wheat beer, brown ale, pale ale, low‐alcohol lager, standard lager, high‐alcohol lager and stout. A strong trend was observed for TTs (n = 20) to rate attributes higher than TnTs (n = 20) for all beers except the stout, with these differences significant in many instances (ANOVA or binomial analysis). It is concluded that TTS may be an important determinant of individual differences in the perception of beer flavour, but beer liking and preference are more complex phenomena than can be accounted for by this phenotype alone.     

麦汁煮沸对啤酒老化前驱物质形成的影响

麦汁煮沸是啤酒生产的一个重要环节,煮沸过程影响着啤酒内味老化前驱物质的形成。避免过高的热负荷、隔氧煮沸、有效去除麦汁固形物等方法,可以减少麦汁中的羰基化合物的含量,从而提高啤酒的风味稳定性。     

The Role of Malt and Hop Polyphenols in Beer Quality,Flavour and Haze Stability

Pilot‐scale brewing trials of a 12°P pale lager beer were conducted to look at the effect of a modified dose of hop and malt polyphenols on haze, flavour quality, and stability. Results confirmed that malt polyphenols, and particularly hop polyphenols, in the course of wort boiling, improved reducing activity values and the carbonyl content in fresh and stored beers. Hop polyphenols significantly increased reducing activity and decreased the formation of carbonyls (TBA value) in fresh and stored beer. Reduced content of malt polyphenols, combined with the use of hop CO₂ extract, caused an increase in the TBA value in beer. PVPP stabilized beers tended to be lower in reducing activity. Both malt and hop polyphenols affected the intensity of “harsh taste” in fresh beers and a significant influence from PVPP stabilization of beer was not observed. The staling degree of forced‐aged beers depended on the polyphenol content in the brewhouse. Both hop and malt polyphenols had a positive impact on flavour stability. PVPP treatment of beer had a positive effect on the flavour stability of heat‐aged beers. Polyphenols, especially hop polyphenols, slowed down flavour deterioration during the nine month storage period, but the primary effect was seen during the first four months of storage. Storage trials did not show any unambiguous effects for PVPP stabilization on beer flavour stability. Results confirmed the negative impact of malt and hop polyphenols on haze stability, and PVPP stabilization minimized differences in shelf life prediction values between beers prepared with the modified dose of polyphenols.     

酵母发酵副产物与啤酒风味

啤酒生产中的副产物有高级醇、有机酸、联二酮、酯类、醛类等物质 ,其含量受酵母菌种、麦汁成分、工艺条件等因素的影响。高级醇赋予啤酒醇厚感、泡沫细腻 ,使啤酒丰满 ,但含量太高会破坏啤酒酒体及风味 ;在啤酒中有机酸含量为5.0×10-4～1.5×10-3。双乙酰在啤酒中含量高 ,阈值低 ,对啤酒风味影响很大。酯是啤酒香气的主要载体。乙醛是啤酒中含量最高的醛类 ,硫化物主要代表物是硫化氢和二甲基硫 ,对啤酒风味影响很大。(孙悟)     

A Review of Flavour Formation in Continuous Beer Fermentations*

The attractive prospect of a continuous beer fermentation system consists mostly of the accelerated transformation of wort into beer. Although continuous beer fermentation has been studied as a promising technology for several decades, the number of industrial applications is still limited. The major obstacle hindering the extensive industrial exploitation of this technology is the difficulty in achieving the correct balance of sensory compounds in the short time typical for continuous systems. This paper offers an integral view on the particularities of continuous systems, which may impart beer a sensorial character distinct from conventionally fermented counterparts. The main groups of flavour active compounds are discussed from the perspective of possible control strategies by means of process parameters and strain selection.