Virgo104 铸钢及焊接接头力学性能研究

对Virgo104钢的力学性能进行了检验,并研究了与之匹配的两种气保焊焊丝及一种焊条的焊接接头力学性能.试验结果表明,Virgo104钢中心与表面的力学性能基本一致,具有良好的强度与塑性匹配,而且具有优良的低温冲击韧度,特别是其高的Wp/Wi(约3.0)及高的侧向膨胀率(约15%),表明该钢具有优良的抗脆性断裂性能.焊缝金属及焊接接头具有良好的力学性能,其中HS367L焊丝的焊缝金属,在焊态下具有较高的塑性,预示出较高的抗焊接裂纹性能.     

卡尔曼滤波在MEMS惯性姿态测量中的应用

由于测控成本和有效载荷的限制,一般采用微机电系统(MEMS)惯性传感器来测量小型无人机的飞行姿态。在MC9S12XS128单片机上通过嵌入式软件编程实现了卡尔曼滤波算法,并在JZJ-1型自准直仪转台上对MEMS加速度计和陀螺仪的输出信号进行了数据融合试验,较好地解决了MEMS惯性测量系统的零漂和机械振动干扰问题。     

An adaptive three-stage extended Kalman filter for nonlinear discrete-time system in presence of unknown inputs

Considering the performances of conventional Kalman filter may seriously degrade when it suffers stochastic faults and unknown input, which is very common in engineering problems, a new type of adaptive three-stage extended Kalman filter (AThSEKF) is proposed to solve state and fault estimation in nonlinear discrete-time system under these conditions. The three-stage UV transformation and adaptive forgetting factor are introduced for derivation, and by comparing with the adaptive augmented state extended Kalman filter, it is proven to be uniformly asymptotically stable. Furthermore, the adaptive three-stage extended Kalman filter is applied to a two-dimensional radar tracking scenario to illustrate the effect, and the performance is compared with that of conventional three stage extended Kalman filter (ThSEKF) and the adaptive two-stage extended Kalman filter (ATEKF). The results show that the adaptive three-stage extended Kalman filter is more effective than these two filters when facing the nonlinear discrete-time systems with information of unknown inputs not perfectly known.     

A derivative UKF for tightly coupled INS/GPS integrated navigation

The tightly coupled INS/GPS integration introduces nonlinearity to the measurement equation of the Kalman filter due to the use of raw GPS pseudorange measurements. The extended Kalman filter (EKF) is a typical method to address the nonlinearity by linearizing the pseudorange measurements. However, the linearization may cause large modeling error or even degraded navigation solution. To solve this problem, this paper constructs a nonlinear measurement equation by including the second-order term in the Taylor series of the pseudorange measurements. Nevertheless, when using the unscented Kalman filter (UKF) to the INS/GPS integration for navigation estimation, it causes a great amount of redundant computation in the prediction process due to the linear feature of system state equation, especially for the case with system state vector in much higher dimension than measurement vector. To overcome this drawback in computational burden, this paper further develops a derivative UKF based on the constructed nonlinear measurement equation. The derivative UKF adopts the concise form of the original Kalman filter (KF) to the prediction process and employs the unscented transformation technique to the update process. Theoretical analysis and simulation results demonstrate that the derivative UKF can achieve higher accuracy with a much smaller computational cost in comparison with the traditional UKF.     

Comparison of Linearized Kalman Filter and Extended Kalman Filter for Satellite Motion States Estimation

The performance of the conventional Kalman filter depends on process and measurement noise statistics given by the system model and measurements.The conventional Kalman filter is usually used for a linear system,but it should not be used for estimating the state of a nonlinear system such as a satellite motion because it is difficult to obtain the desired estimation results.The linearized Kalman filtering approach and the extended Kalman filtering approach have been proposed for a general nonlinear system.The equations of satellite motion are described.The satellite motion states are estimated,and the relevant estimation errors are calculated through the estimation algorithms of the both above mentioned approaches implemented in Matlab are estimated.The performances of the extended Kalman filter and the linearized Kalman filter are compared.The simulation results show that the extended Kalman filter is much better than the linearized Kalman filter at the aspect of estimation effect.     

Holographic otoscope for nanodisplacement measurements of surfaces under dynamic excitation

We describe a novel holographic otoscope system for measuring nanodisplacements of objects subjected to dynamic excitation. Such measurements are necessary to quantify the mechanical deformation of surfaces in mechanics, acoustics, electronics, biology, and many other fields. In particular, we are interested in measuring the sound-induced motion of biological samples, such as an eardrum. Our holographic otoscope system consists of laser illumination delivery (IS), optical head (OH), and image processing computer (IP) systems. The IS delivers the object beam (OB) and the reference beam (RB) to the OH. The backscattered light coming from the object illuminated by the OB interferes with the RB at the camera sensor plane to be digitally recorded as a hologram. The hologram is processed by the IP using the Fresnel numerical reconstruction algorithm, where the focal plane can be selected freely. Our holographic otoscope system is currently deployed in a clinic, and is packaged in a custom design. It is mounted in a mechatronic positioning system to increase its maneuverability degrees to be conveniently positioned in front of the object to be measured. We present representative results highlighting the versatility of our system to measure deformations of complex elastic surfaces in the wavelength scale including a copper foil membrane and postmortem tympanic membrane. SCANNING 33: 342-352, 2011. ? 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

A natural observer for optimal state estimation in second order linear structural systems

A state observer for mechanical and structural systems is derived in the context of the second order differential equation of motion of linear structural systems. The proposed observer possesses similar characteristics to the Kalman filter in the sense that it minimizes the trace of the state error covariance matrix within the predefined structure of the feedback gain. The main contribution of the paper consists of the fact that the proposed observer can be implemented directly as a modified linear finite element model of the system, subject to collocated corrective forces proportional to the measured response. The proposed algorithm is effectively illustrated in two different types of second order systems; a close-coupled spring–mass–damper multi-degree of freedom system and a plate subject to transverse vibrations.     

基于AEKF的车辆质量与道路坡度实时估计

针对车辆在实际行驶过程中外界噪声的统计特性无法已知的问题,以车辆纵向动力学模型为基础,提出了自适应扩展卡尔曼滤波(adaptive extended Kalman filter,简称AEKF)的车辆质量及道路坡度估计算法。以动态估计车辆系统中的质量与坡度为研究对象,引入了旋转质量换算系数,建立车辆纵向动力学系统的状态空间模型,考虑了不同时刻的档位匹配与行驶特殊工况的处理。对系统状态方程进行离散化处理,得到系统状态方程与系统测量方程,在扩展卡尔曼滤波(extended Kalman filter,简称EKF)的基础上引入带遗忘因子的噪声统计估计器,通过AEKF对状态方程与测量方程实时更新,进行在线估计和校正噪声统计值,从而解决系统的噪声时变问题。本研究算法与EKF算法估计及实测结果的对比分析表明,本研究算法能够很好地对车辆质量和坡度信号进行有效滤波和估计,在短时间内逐渐收敛并逼近实测值,从而能够合理有效地检测车辆在行驶过程中的状态信息。     

非线性状态空间方法辨识电液伺服控制系统

针对回归神经网络辨识和建立非线性动态系统模型的问题,研究非线性状态空间描述的回归神经网络数学模型。讨论极小均方误差网络训练收敛准则,通过研究Kalman 滤波估计公式中的随机变量,提出一种参数增广的回归神经网络非线性状态方程,无导数的Kalman滤波器用于增广参数估计,人工白噪声强迫网络学习,更新网络权值,避免了扩展Kalman滤波器计算Jacobian信息和基于递度学习算法收敛慢的问题。在电液伺服系统辨识建模的应用中表明,回归神经网络较好地跟踪了液压油缸压力变化,与扩展Kalman滤波估计学习算法相比,新的算法具有较快的收敛和精度。     

基于IEKF-APF算法的汽车状态估计

行驶汽车状态变量质心侧偏角和横摆角速度是汽车稳定性控制系统中重要控制变量,准确获取行驶过程中的状态信息是汽车控制系统研究的关键问题。应用估计理论由传感器测出易测变量来估计难以测量的关键状态变量是一种常用的估计方法。提出一种新的粒子滤波算法通过所建立的包含定常平稳随机噪声和非线性轮胎的汽车动力学7自由度整车模型对汽车状态进行估计。针对粒子滤波过程中出现的退化问题,应用迭代扩展卡尔曼滤波融入最新观测信息产生更加接近真实状态的重要性密度函数,辅助粒子滤波算法通过所产生的重要性密度函数结合观测量进行重采样,结合这两种算法提出迭代扩展卡尔曼-辅助粒子滤波算法(Iterative extended Kalman filtering-auxiliary particle filtering algorithm, IEKF-APF)以改善粒子采样和估计精度的提高。为验证所提出的IEKF-APF算法估计性能,将其结果与实车试验结果和无迹卡尔曼滤波算法(Unscented Kalman filtering, UKF)估计结果进行比较,结果表明其估计性能优于UKF,更接近于试验结果。     

A modified NARMAX model-based self-tuner with fault tolerance for unknown nonlinear stochastic hybrid systems with an input–output direct feed-through term

A modified nonlinear autoregressive moving average with exogenous inputs (NARMAX) model-based state-space self-tuner with fault tolerance is proposed in this paper for the unknown nonlinear stochastic hybrid system with a direct transmission matrix from input to output. Through the off-line observer/Kalman filter identification method, one has a good initial guess of modified NARMAX model to reduce the on-line system identification process time. Then, based on the modified NARMAX-based system identification, a corresponding adaptive digital control scheme is presented for the unknown continuous-time nonlinear system, with an input–output direct transmission term, which also has measurement and system noises and inaccessible system states. Besides, an effective state space self-turner with fault tolerance scheme is presented for the unknown multivariable stochastic system. A quantitative criterion is suggested by comparing the innovation process error estimated by the Kalman filter estimation algorithm, so that a weighting matrix resetting technique by adjusting and resetting the covariance matrices of parameter estimate obtained by the Kalman filter estimation algorithm is utilized to achieve the parameter estimation for faulty system recovery. Consequently, the proposed method can effectively cope with partially abrupt and/or gradual system faults and input failures by the fault detection.     

状态χ2检验法在惯性航姿系统内阻尼卡尔曼滤波器中的应用

本文探讨了如何利用惯性测量组合本身的信息来提高捷联航姿系统的姿态精度。根据平台式阻尼网络的思想，设计了捷联式内阻尼卡尔曼滤波器，将惯导系统捷联解算获得的姿态与加速度计估计的姿态进行组合，在系统非加速度状态下，提高了姿态输出的精度。为了实时监测系统的运动状态从而判断内阻尼姿态的有效性，本文成功将状态χ2检验法应用在内阻尼卡尔曼滤波器中，设计了基于2个状态传播器的故障监测器，并通过对故障检测向量元素的检验代替对整个向量的检验，提高了故障监测的灵敏度和可靠性。最后，实际系统的动静态实验验证了本文所提出的方法的有效性。     

组合Kalman隔点预测法用于跟踪机动目标的仿真研究

将Kalman预测法用于经纬仪跟踪机动目标,对不同靶标旋转速度下的机动目标跟踪进行了仿真研究.提出了状态方程输入矩阵G(k),用以弥补等角速度方程的加速度项.根据Kalman预测曲线与实测曲线误差的标准方差最小原则,确定了状态噪声与测试噪声的方差比值Q/R,并优化了适合经纬仪的比值Q/R.提出了组合Kalman隔点预测法,进行了1,2,3个隔点的仿真预测研究.仿真结果表明,组合Kalman隔点预测法可以实现经纬仪隔点跟踪目标.     

复杂交通流下基于卡尔曼滤波的多目标全生命周期状态估计

针对复杂行车环境下噪声干扰和车辆行车过程中状态变化导致交通场景中目标状态估计精度低的问题,以毫米波雷达 为检测传感器,提出涵盖参数初始化和在线更新的基于卡尔曼滤波的多目标全生命周期状态估计方法。 首先,建立交通流下多 目标运动状态的卡尔曼滤波状态估计模型;基于此,一方面提出基于数据驱动的卡尔曼滤波观测噪声协方差矩阵初始化的新方 法,另一方面采用变分贝叶斯方法对卡尔曼滤波参数进行在线更新,以此提高多目标状态估计精度;最后,在算法实现步骤的基 础上,利用实车数据开展测试验证工作。 实验结果表明,方法的目标状态估计均方误差为 0. 153,相较于传统卡尔曼滤波减小 了 36. 2% ,证明所提出方法对提升车辆感知精度的有效性。     

微间隙焊缝磁光成像卡尔曼滤波跟踪算法

在激光对接焊过程中,实时控制激光束准确对中焊缝是保证焊接质量的前提。针对紧密对接激光焊,研究一种用于微间隙(不大于0.1 mm)焊缝位置识别及跟踪的磁光成像卡尔曼滤波算法。采用磁光传感器实时获取焊接区域的微间隙焊缝磁光图像序列,利用微间隙焊缝磁光图像的灰度梯度特征提取焊缝位置坐标。以焊缝位置及位移量构成状态矢量,建立描述焊缝位置的状态方程和测量方程。同时,假设系统动态噪声和测量噪声为零均值随机分布的高斯白噪声,建立噪声环境下的卡尔曼滤波跟踪算法,计算最小均方差条件下焊缝中心最优预测值,减小系统噪声和过程噪声对焊缝位置测量的影响。试验结果显示,该方法能有效实现激光对接焊微间隙焊缝位置的识别与跟踪。     

Rao-Blackwellized粒子滤波的红外多个弱目标检测前跟踪

针对红外图像低信噪比下数目可变的多个弱目标的检测与跟踪问题,提出了基于Rao-Blackwellized粒子滤波器(RBPF)的多目标检测前跟踪算法.对每个目标利用RBPF把状态变量分解为线性变量与非线性变量,分别进行Kalman滤波与基本粒子滤波.将已出现目标的状态构成新目标的约束初始化函数,多个滤波器并行跟踪多个弱目标.对红外图像弱目标的仿真实验表明,约束初始化可以避免已有目标的干扰,RBPF可以减小状态变量的的估计误差, RBPF的检测性能优于10倍粒子数PF的性能,对单目标进行检测前跟踪平均每帧耗时为0.3287秒,可以满足实时处理的要求。新方法在不同空间位置的实验对比中,出现延迟,消失延迟和均方根误差等参数对比也验证了算法的有效性.     

Combined extended FIR/Kalman filtering for indoor robot localization via triangulation

A combined unbiased finite impulse response (UFIR) and Kalman filtering algorithm is proposed for mobile robot localization via triangulation utilizing noisy measurements. We consider a mobile robot travelling on an indoor floorspace with three nodes in a view. Under the not well-known initial robot state and noise statistics, the extended Kalman filter (EKF) may produce unacceptable estimates. The iterative extended UFIR (EFIR) filter ignores the noise statistics, but requires N initial points of linear measurements which are unavailable. The combined EFIR/Kalman algorithm utilizes N first EKF estimates with approximately set initial conditions and noise statistics as linear measurements for EFIR filter. It is shown that the combined algorithm is more accurate than EKF in robot localization under the real operation conditions. Simulations are provided for piecewise and circular robot trajectories.     

Maximum correntropy square-root cubature Kalman filter with application to SINS/GPS integrated systems

For a nonlinear system, the cubature Kalman filter (CKF) and its square-root version are useful methods to solve the state estimation problems, and both can obtain good performance in Gaussian noises. However, their performances often degrade significantly in the face of non-Gaussian noises, particularly when the measurements are contaminated by some heavy-tailed impulsive noises. By utilizing the maximum correntropy criterion (MCC) to improve the robust performance instead of traditional minimum mean square error (MMSE) criterion, a new square-root nonlinear filter is proposed in this study, named as the maximum correntropy square-root cubature Kalman filter (MCSCKF). The new filter not only retains the advantage of square-root cubature Kalman filter (SCKF), but also exhibits robust performance against heavy-tailed non-Gaussian noises. A judgment condition that avoids numerical problem is also given. The results of two illustrative examples, especially the SINS/GPS integrated systems, demonstrate the desirable performance of the proposed filter.     

Distributed and decentralized state estimation in gas networks as distributed parameter systems

In this paper, a framework for distributed and decentralized state estimation in high-pressure and long-distance gas transmission networks (GTNs) is proposed. The non-isothermal model of the plant including mass, momentum and energy balance equations are used to simulate the dynamic behavior. Due to several disadvantages of implementing a centralized Kalman filter for large-scale systems, the continuous/discrete form of extended Kalman filter for distributed and decentralized estimation (DDE) has been extended for these systems. Accordingly, the global model is decomposed into several subsystems, called local models. Some heuristic rules are suggested for system decomposition in gas pipeline networks. In the construction of local models, due to the existence of common states and interconnections among the subsystems, the assimilation and prediction steps of the Kalman filter are modified to take the overlapping and external states into account. However, dynamic Riccati equation for each subsystem is constructed based on the local model, which introduces a maximum error of 5% in the estimated standard deviation of the states in the benchmarks studied in this paper. The performance of the proposed methodology has been shown based on the comparison of its accuracy and computational demands against their counterparts in centralized Kalman filter for two viable benchmarks. In a real life network, it is shown that while the accuracy is not significantly decreased, the real-time factor of the state estimation is increased by a factor of 10.