具有极化特征的植被相干散射模型及参数反演

重点研究了具有极化特征的植被相干散射模型及参数反演算法。基于目标分解理论,推导了植被及地表回波的极化干涉相干系数与植被高度、衰减系数、地形相位等参数之间的数学关系,以衰减系数作为极化分量的函数,建立了具有明显极化特征的植被及地表相干散射模型。在此基础上,以全极化干涉相干系数作为输入参量,考虑模型对极化的依赖性,采用三阶段法对植被的物理参量进行反演,获得了地形相位和植被高度。在环境可控的微波暗室内构建了极化干涉半实物合成孔径雷达系统对模型进行实验验证,获取了南洋杉和土壤所构成场景的极化干涉回波数据,实验结果表明:采用该模型在场景的地体幅度比小于-10dB的情况下,植被反演高度与实际高度的误差仅为0.03m,说明了模型的有效性。     

综合去取向和广义体散射的三分量极化目标分解模型

该文深入分析了Freeman分解中存在的体散射过度估计问题,并发展了一种综合去取向理论和广义体散射模型的三分量极化目标分解模型解决该问题。首先,在分解前对极化协方差矩阵进行去取向处理以削弱交叉极化分量;然后采用一种广义体散射模型以适应林地中HH分量和VV分量的比值变化;最后,增加功率限制处理以完全消除负功率问题。实验采用德国Oberpfaffenhofen地区L波段机载ESAR数据进行验证,并与其他改进模型进行比较,结果表明,综合处理后的分解模型能显著地解决体散射过度估计问题,且分解结果更接近地物的实际散射机理。     

基于PolInSAR的植被区高精度数字表面模型反演方法

针对传统方法无法估计电磁波在植被中的穿透深度导致植被数字表面模型(DSM)反演误差较大的问题,该文提出一种高精度DSM估计方法。该方法首先通过极化干涉相干最优中最大化相位差法分离得到电磁波在植被中高、低散射相位中心的干涉相位。然后提出一种归一化高、低散射相位中心高度随消光系数变化的模型,基于该模型搜索得到电磁波在植被中的最浅穿透深度。最后利用干涉处理方法得到高散射相位中心的高程,将最浅穿透深度补偿到该高程中,从而提升植被区DSM估计精度。利用PolSARpro软件在不同植被种类和不同植被高度下进行仿真试验以及机载全极化数据进行实测数据试验,试验结果表明该方法能有效提高植被区DSM反演精度。     

全极化SAR图像中相干矩阵特征值及其应用

推导了全极化合成孔径雷达相干矩阵的特征值和特征值指数与散射振幅函数的直接关系,并用全极化散射的植被模型讨论了特征值指数与植被稀疏程度的关系,结合Bayes极大似然分类法讨论了特征值指数在全极化多视AirSAR图像分类中的应用,最后用Monte Carlo模拟法给出了理论分类误差。     

基于散射模型的极化SAR数据分解

该文提出一种描述极化SAR散射机制的散射模型。该模型由四种基本散射模型构成:布拉格散射,偶次散射,奇次散射和体散射。该散射模型成功地描述了人造目标和自然目标对电磁波的散射机制。本文利用美国空气动力实验室(JPL)的机载多极化合成孔径雷达系统获得的SAR图像数据对该模型进行了检验,结果表明该散射模型可以很好地描述建筑和植被覆盖地区对电磁波的散射机制。     

基于体散射约束的极化SAR相干变化检测方法

相干变化检测(CCD)利用场景中变化区域的失相干特性进行检测,而场景中存在的体散射植被区域及低信噪比区域也呈现低相干特性,对待检测变化区域形成干扰。该文提出一种极化SAR CCD方法,首先利用变化前后SAR图像间的极化相干信息建立加权迹相干统计量,然后利用各个SAR图像内极化通道间的相干信息,通过建立混合GEV分布模型,采用改进EM算法求解各分量参数,建立体散射约束项,最后结合散射功率变化约束项构建极化CCD检验统计量。该方法可在不影响检测性能情况下排除干扰。该文采用变化前后的两幅L波段全极化SAR图像进行方法验证,实验结果及指标参数验证了该方法的正确性与有效性。     

一种适合方位建筑物的基于物理散射模型的极化SAR影像四分量分解方法

针对走向与雷达飞行方向不平行的建筑物（简称为方位建筑物）,提出了一种基于物理散射模型的极化SAR影像四分量分解方法。该方法用于区分散射类型易混淆的方位建筑物和植被。本文首先对方位角补偿后的相干矩阵进行相位旋转;然后构造一种修正的体散射模型,该模型包含纯体散射模型和方位二面角散射模型;最后加入两个能量限制条件,有效避免了负能量像素点的出现。实验结果表明,与已有的四分量分解方法相比,提出的分解方法有效解决了方位建筑物被误识别为植被等体散射类型的问题且消除了负能量,有利于从植被中区分方位建筑物。     

基于分形结构的植被高阶相干散射模型研究

电磁波低频入射情况下,植被中散射体独立不相关的假设无效,此时应考虑散射体之间的相干效应以及近场互作用。该文提出一种基于分形结构的植被高阶相干散射模型,该模型利用分形理论生成近乎真实植被的3维几何结构,根据每个散射体的空间位置信息考虑了相干效应,应用互易定理计算了相邻散射体间高阶互作用,结合非相干的分层模型中后向散射机制划分方式,给出了各项散射机制的表达式。与机载合成孔径雷达实验数据对比,验证了模型的准确性。在针叶林仿真参数下,分析了各项散射机制对总散射效应的贡献与入射频率、角度、植被结构的关系,结果表明,低频入射条件下,稀疏植被散射模型可进一步简化从而应用于参数反演中。     

多频段典型地表的双站雷达散射回波预测

双站雷达在反隐身、超低空防御方面具有独特优势,但双站测量装置较为复杂,地表参数的准确获取工作耗时耗力,且精度难以保证,地表双站雷达散射数据极其匮乏。为解决上述问题,该文以L/S/X/Ku波段裸土、水泥地和粗糙沙地后向散射实测数据为例,忽略地表的精细结构,采用等效面散射模型和遗传算法反演了各地表的等效介电常数和粗糙度参数,获取其等效参数统计特征,实现对地表双站雷达散射回波的预测。结果表明:该等效面散射模型保证了地表的后向和双站散射回波预测精度;地表双站雷达散射回波随入射波频率的增大而增大;随散射角的增大先增大而后减小,并在镜像方向出现最大值;随散射方位角的增大,地表散射回波先减小而后增大,HH极化双站散射回波的最小值一般出现在 方位角处,而VV极化双站散射回波的最小值位置随入射角的增大从 方位角向小角度方向偏移,并与入射波频率、地表湿度以及粗糙度参数相关,该双站散射特性可用于地表参数的反演以及目标的反隐身研究。     

海面正置长方体目标复合散射极化特征

为分析海面上长方体目标的极化特征,通过极化特征图讨论了长方体目标尺寸参数和海面风速、风向对于复合极化散射的影响.计算结果显示入射角和目标尺寸足够大的情况下,二次散射更为突出,对应的极化特征图具有明显的二面角特点.侧风将会改变极化特征图的对称性.     

A new backscattering model giving a description of the quasi-ballistic transport in nano-MOSFET

A backscattering model suitable for compact modeling of nanoscale MOSFET is developed within the Landauer flux-scattering theory. To describe the quasi-ballistic transport, a new backscattering model based on the accurate determination of ballistic and backscattering probabilities along the channel is developed. This model is based on a careful analysis of transport in device using Monte Carlo simulation. This model allows us to display the main physical quantities along the channel and to accurately describe the quasi-ballistic transport and its effects on current-voltage characteristics.     

A radar backscatter model for discontinuous coniferous forests

A radar backscattering model for low-to-medium-density woodland in which each tree is treated as an individual backscatterer is described. A forest stand viewed by radar is then an assemblage of scatterers standing on a background in a certain spatial pattern. The backscattering components arising from the various intersections of radar beams with the forest stand are calculated separately, and their Stokes matrices are then added together to achieve the Stokes matrix for total backscattering. Probabilities of radar beams intersecting tree crowns are introduced into the model     

基于后向相干瑞利散射的分布式光纤传感在管道安全实时监测中的应用研究

开展了基于光纤后向相干瑞利散射原理的分布式光纤传感在管道安全实时监测系统中的信号数值模拟和实验研究。采用多个连续脉冲周期光纤相干后向瑞利散射光在有扰动情况的一维脉冲响应理论模型,解释了外部扰动对整个后向瑞利散射信号的影响。并且对理论模型进行数值模拟直观的展示了相干后向瑞利散射光功率关系曲线;通过对4km长度的光纤进行扰动传感实验,有效地定位了扰动的发生;并且提出了一种利用软件寻峰归一化提高后向瑞利散射功率信号信噪比的方法,可以减少平均次数,从而增大可提取的扰动频率范围。     

裸地散射特性分析

本文详细地研究了裸地（农用耕地）的散射特性。根据实验现象提出了新的散射系数与入射角关系模型，与实验数据获得了很好的吻合性。通过分析裸地散射系数的雷达参数（入射角、极化、频率）和地面参数（粗糙度、土壤湿度）的响应特性，得到微波遥感土壤湿度时的最佳工作参数。     

一种基于光线散射模型的水下图像增强方法

水体对光线的后向散射效应是水下图像降质的主要原因,消除后向散射噪声是水下图像处理的主要工作之一。通过建立水下光线传输的后向散射噪声模型,分析了后向散射噪声产生的原因,并将其分为直流噪声部分及随机部分。对消除直流噪声的水下图像进行拉普拉斯运算,并使用维纳自适应滤波对其再次去噪。实验证明,该方法可有效去除水下图像的后向散射噪声,增强图像对比度。     

海洋环境对雷达海杂波后向散射特性影响分析

为分析海洋环境对雷达海杂波后向散射特性的影响,建立了一种基于修正复合模型方法的雷达海杂波后向散射关系模型。雷达入射余角较大时,主要散射形式为镜面散射;入射余角较小时,主要散射形式为Bragg散射。考虑了逆顺风条件下后向散射系数的差异性,改进了原有模型Bragg散射的方向海谱部分,增加了风向因子。利用模型对不同入射角条件下海洋环境因素与后向散射系数的关系进行了仿真计算。计算结果表明,当海面作为雷达波的反射面时,雷达后向散射特性十分复杂,风速、风向、海浪、降水、海面油污等海洋环境因素都会对其产生影响。其中,风速和有效波高对海面后向散射的影响最大,风向次之,降水再次之,而海面油污的影响最小。      

Radar backscattering model for multilayer mixed-species forests

A multilayer canopy scattering model is developed for mixed-species forests. The multilayer model provides a significantly enhanced representation of actual complex forest structures compared to the conventional canopy-trunk layer models. Multilayer Michigan Microwave Canopy Scattering model (Multi-MIMICS) allows overlapping layer configuration and a tapered trunk model applicable to forests of mixed species and/or mixed growth stages. The model is the first-order solution to a set of radiative transfer equations and includes layer interactions between overlapping layers. It simulates SAR backscattering coefficients based on input dimensional, geometrical, and dielectric variables of forest canopies. The Multi-MIMICS is an efficient realization of actual forest structures and can be shaped for specific interest of forest parameters. We present the model's application and validation in the paper. The model is parameterized using data collected from a 220,000-ha area of forests in central Queensland, Australia. Fifteen 50/spl times/50 m test sites representing the general forest diversity and growth stages are chosen as ground truth. Polarimetric backscattering airborne SAR (AIRSAR) data of the same area are acquired to validate the model simulations. The model predicts SAR backscattering coefficients of the test areas. Simulation results show a good agreement with AIRSAR data at most frequencies and polarizations. The simulated backscattering coefficient from the multilayer model and the standard MIMICS are also compared and significant improvements are observed.     

激光陀螺跳模规律研究

激光陀螺长期工作或环境温度变化较大时有可能发生跳模现象,跳模会对陀螺的性能带来较大的影响。通过对激光陀螺相邻模的背向散射特性的分析,发现背向散射光强呈现周期性,且与工作模式之间存在严格的对应关系,由此得出激光陀螺跳模规律,即跳在相同的模式上陀螺性能前后没有明显变化,而跳在相邻模式上会引起陀螺锁区变大、零偏发生跳变,给性能带来较大影响。针对跳模规律提出了合理的跳模控制建议,并通过实验验证了上述结论。     

Snowcover Influence on Backscattering from Terrain

The effects of snowcover on the microwave backscattering from terrain in the 8-35 GHz region are examined through the analysis of experimental data and by application of a semiempirical model. The model accounts for surface backscattering contributions by the snow-air and snow-soil interfaces, and for volume backscattering contributions by the snow layer. Through comparisons of backscattering data for different terrain surfaces measured both with and without snowcover, the masking effects of snow are evaluated as a function of snow water equivalent and liquid water content. The results indicate that with dry snowcover it is not possible to discriminate between different types of ground surface (concrete, asphalt, grass, and bare ground) if the snow water equivalent is greater than about 20 cm (or a depth greater than 60 cm for a snow density of 0.3 g · cm-3). For the same density, however, if the snow is wet, a depth of 10 cm is sufficient to mask the underlying surface.     

A three-dimensional radar backscatter model of forest canopies

A three-dimensional forest backscatter model, which takes full account of spatial position of trees in a forest stand is described. A forest stand was divided into cells according to arbitrary spatial resolution. The cells may include “crown”, “trunk”, and “gap” components, determined by the shape, size and position of the trees. The forest floor is represented by a layer of “ground” cells. A ray tracing method was used to calculate backscattering components of 1) direct crown backscatter, 2) direct backscattering from ground, 3) direct backscattering from trunk, 4) crown-ground scattering, and 5) trunk-ground scattering. Both the attenuation and time-delay of microwave signals within cells other than “gap” were also calculated from ray tracing. The backscattering Mueller matrices of these components within the same range intervals were incoherently added to yield the total backscattering of an image pixel. By assuming a zero-mean, multiplicative Gaussian noise for image speckle, the high-resolution images were aggregated to simulate a SAR image with a given spatial resolution and number of independent samples (looks). A well-characterized 150 m×200 m forest stand in Maine, USA, was used to parameterize the model. The simulated radar backscatter coefficients were compared with actual JPL SAR data. The model gives reasonable prediction of backscattering coefficients averaged over the entire stand with agreement between model and data within 1.35 dB for all channels. The correlations between simulated images and SAR data (10 by 15 pixels) were positive and significant at the 0.001 level for all frequencies (P, L, and C bands) and polarizations (HH, HV, and VV)