东北地区双机－塔防冻措施研究

东北地区冷却塔冬季运行时结冰现象严重，供热机组“双机一塔”防冰问题就更加突出。基于冷却塔冬季运行易结冰部位和原因分析，以东北A电厂2×350MW热电联产工程冷却水系统采用“双机一塔”防冻设计为例，对“双机一塔”防冻问题进行分析并提出解决办法。     

Exergy analysis of an integrated solid oxide fuel cell and organic Rankine cycle for cooling, heating and power production

The study examines a novel system that combined a solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) and an organic Rankine cycle (ORC) for cooling, heating and power production (trigeneration) through exergy analysis. The system consists of an SOFC, an ORC, a heat exchanger and a single-effect absorption chiller. The system is modeled to produce a net electricity of around 500 kW. The study reveals that there is 3-25% gain on exergy efficiency when trigeneration is used compared with the power cycle only. Also, the study shows that as the current density of the SOFC increases, the exergy efficiencies of power cycle, cooling cogeneration, heating cogeneration and trigeneration decreases. In addition, it was shown that the effect of changing the turbine inlet pressure and ORC pump inlet temperature are insignificant on the exergy efficiencies of the power cycle, cooling cogeneration, heating cogeneration and trigeneration. Also, the study reveals that the significant sources of exergy destruction are the ORC evaporator, air heat exchanger at the SOFC inlet and heating process heat exchanger.     

Affinity thermal machines and metallic salt-ammonia-ammoniates systems

The advantages and drawbacks of using monovariant metallic salt-ammonia-ammoniates systems in affinity thermal machines are discussed. These systems might be processed in machines of simple technology especially for solar cooling, heating and energy storage, on a household or industrial scale.     

冷热组合型超市系统的设计与经济性分析

设计了冷热组合型超市系统,利用CO2跨临界循环对空间夏季供冷和冬季供热,采用R290/CO2复叠式制冷循环对食品冷冻冷藏,同时回收CO2跨临界循环高温气体散发的热量和R290/CO2复叠式制冷循环R290高温循环气体的冷凝热,实现夏季空间供冷、食品制冷的同时供应生活热水,冬季空间供暖、食品制冷的同时供应生活热水,及春秋季节食品制冷同时供应生活热水。并与供冷、供暖、食品制冷和供应生活热水分别进行的常规R404A超市系统的能效相比较,得出冷热组合型超市系统的能耗大大降低,能效明显增加,不仅节约能源,而且保护环境,是很有发展前景的绿色环保系统。     

Development and comparison of two expander cycles used in refrigeration system of olefin plant based on exergy analysis

In this study, two typical types of low temperature expander cycles for cold section of olefin plant are designed and simulated. In addition, the best refrigerant is selected as the working fluid and the matching of the heating and cooling curves in heat exchangers is also analyzed. Furthermore, the second law efficiency is calculated for systems, as well as the exergy destruction and exergy efficiency for the system components, leading to determination of sources of irreversibility. The results show that the expander cycle with one cooling stage surpasses the expander cycle with two cooling stages. The main irreversibility exists in the expander due to its large pressure difference. Eventually, the significant parameters of the expander cycle with one cooling stage are optimized and the best cycle for the separation system is introduced. The net power of the expander cycle with one cooling stage is 3549 kW, the flow rate is 47.35 kg/s and the overall exergy efficiency is 50.18% for the considered cycle in this research.     

Effects of unequal finite piston speeds on the optimal performances of endoreversible Carnot refrigeration and heat pump cycles

The performances of endoreversible Carnot refrigeration and heat pump cycles with loss of heat resistance and finite piston speeds are analysed and optimized by using the combination of finite time thermodynamics, finite speed thermodynamics and direct method. The unequal finite piston speed model on four branches is adopted. Expressions of cooling load of endoreversible Carnot refrigeration cycle and of heating load of endoreversible Carnot heat pump cycle are derived with a fixed cycle period and unequal finite piston speeds on the four branches. Numerical examples show that there exist optimal expansion ratios, which lead to maximum cooling load and maximum heating load for the fixed coefficient of performance (COP), respectively. The maximum cooling load, maximum heating load, optimal ratios of finite piston speeds and optimal hot- and cold-side working fluid temperatures versus COP characteristics for the endoreversible Carnot refrigeration and heat pump cycles are obtained. Moreover, the effects of design parameters on the performances of the two cycles are discussed.     

Comparative performance analysis of cogeneration gas turbine cycle for different blade cooling means

The paper compares the thermodynamic performance of MS9001 gas turbine based cogeneration cycle having a two-pressure heat recovery steam generator (HRSG) for different blade cooling means. The HRSG has a steam drum generating steam to meet coolant requirement, and a second steam drum generates steam for process heating. Gas turbine stage cooling uses open loop cooling or closed loop cooling schemes. Internal convection cooling, film cooling and transpiration cooling techniques employing steam or air as coolants are considered for the performance evaluation of the cycle. Cogeneration cycle performance is evaluated using coolant flow requirements, plant specific work, fuel utilisation efficiency, power-to-heat-ratio, which are function of compressor pressure ratio and turbine inlet temperature, and process steam drum pressure. The maximum and minimum values of power-to-heat ratio are found with steam internal convection cooling and air internal convection cooling respectively whereas maximum and minimum values of fuel utilisation efficiency are found with steam internal convection cooling and closed loop steam cooling. The analysis is useful for power plant designers to select the optimum compressor pressure ratio, turbine inlet temperature, fuel utilisation efficiency, power-to-heat ratio, and appropriate cooling means for a specified value of plant specific work and process heating requirement.     

太阳能吸收式空调系统的经济性分析

针对一个特定的对象,进行了太阳能吸收式空调系统寿命周期内的模拟计算及影响因素的分析,结果表明：（1）单纯太阳能空调（无采暖与热水供应）的经济性很差,太阳能空调与供热的复合系统的经济性要优于单纯的太阳能空调系统;（2）太阳能采暖与空调的复合系统,采暖与供冷的负荷比对系统的经济性有很大影响,即使在最佳的负荷比时仍无法和常规的系统竞争;（3）太阳能与生活热水系统的负荷系统中,热水负荷所占比重越大,经济性越好,当太阳能空调使用生活热水系统夏季多余的热量时,太阳能空调系统经济上可以和天然气锅炉＋电动制冷机竞争,并具有很好的节能性和环境效益。     

AE94.3A型燃气轮机进气冷却的应用可行性研究

对AE94.3A型燃气轮机燃气-蒸汽联合循环热力系统平衡进行研究进而发现,与同类型、同等级不同型号机组相比,AE94.3A型联合循环机组余热锅炉的排烟温度较高,排烟余热仍有进一步利用的空间。通过设计优化,扩大省煤器受热面,回收烟气余热加热给水,驱动热水型溴化锂制冷机制冷,用于机组满负荷调峰时的压气机进气冷却或厂房及办公区域空调供冷,对改善燃气轮机联合循环的运行性能,实现能源梯级利用,提高能源利用率和机组经济性运行起到了很大作用。     

Modeling heat transfer and air circulation by convection in bottom-heated agricultural greenhouses

In agricultural greenhouses, effective heating systems are essential for maintaining proper temperature control and air circulation during the winter. This study delves into the analysis of heat exchange through natural convection within heated greenhouses, with a particular emphasis on the impact of bottom heating. Two distinct types: mono-chapel and bi-chapel, each featuring triangular or spherical roofs are examined. To capture the variable roof shapes, we employ a change-of-variable method, and the numerical solutions are obtained using the finite volume method. The results show that heat transfer is enhanced by increasing the Rayleigh number. This improvement differs according to the shape of the roof. Heat transfer decreases by about 5% for the spherical mono-chapel case compared to the triangular case for Ra = 10³. For Ra = 10⁵, the monospherical case favors heat transfer, with an increase of 0.35% compared to the triangular case. In the case of bi-chapel roof, heat transfer is greater with a triangular roof for Ra = 10³, showing an increase of 6.4% compared to the spherical case. This study not only sheds light on the fundamental aspects of heat transfer in greenhouses but also provides valuable insights for optimizing greenhouse design based on specific roof configurations and heating conditions.     

Modeling and computational simulation of adsorption based chemical heat pumps

In this study a methodology is developed for the design of a packed bed reactor to be used in a Chemical Heat Pump (CHP). Adsorption and desorption of ethanol on active carbon packing in the reactor are investigated. Depending on the cycle, i.e. adsorption or desorption, cooling or heating of the reactor material is modeled through transient energy equation. The parameters associated with the vapor-carbon adsorption kinetics are experimentally determined. Then spatial distribution of temperature and adsorbed vapor amount are obtained with respect to time in adsorption–desorption cycles. These profiles are used to predict heating or cooling powers and COP for different adsorbent bed geometries and adsorption/desorption cycle times. Strong effect of heat transfer resistance of the packing, hence reactor size, on the system performance is observed.     

散装饮料自动售货机加热管的优化设计

饮料机的加热目前大多采用顺循环加热的方式,这种加热方式不但耗能大,且不适用于新机器的要求。建立散装饮料自动售货机加热管的加热模型,运用传热学知识建立加热的数学模型,并结合ANSYS Workbench的协同仿真优化的方法对加热管进行优化,分析各参数对加热效果的影响,选出最优的设计点。     

THERMAL STRESSES IN A LONG CIRCULAR CYLINDER SUBJECTED TO SUDDEN COOLING DURING TRANSIENT CONVECTION HEATING

An analysis is presented of the thermal stresses encountered during cooling of a solid circular cylinder initially heated from uniform temperature by Newtonian convection, followed by sudden cooling prior to reaching thermal equilibrium during the heating phase of the cycle. The numerical results indicate that the magnitude of the stresses attained during the cooling phase increases with increasing duration of heating, but are less than the corresponding values encountered for convective cooling from a condition of initial uniform temperature. The relevance of these results to the prediction or interpretation of thermal fatigue behavior is noted.     

Placement of vents to reduce shaft flux in two pole inductionmotors with a comment on heating effects

The authors consider the problem of magnetic flux variation in the rotors of vent-cooled, two-pole induction machines. The solution to this problem is important not only to reduce stray losses in such machines but also to identify the location of hot spots to estimate their effects on the design. A second objective behind the research was to reduce the magnitudes and, as a result, the variations in shaft magnetic fluxes. Reducing shaft fluxes will result in reduced shaft failures due to fatigue that is exacerbated by repeated heating and cooling. A procedure is suggested for examining the effects of the placement of the vent holes on flux variations, especially in the shaft. Once the effects of flux variations are known, the heating effect can be deduced     

Influence of temperature dependent properties on cooling behavior of cylindrical steels

Metallic materials, especially steels, are undertaken to different heat treatment processes in industry and cooling and heating times are of great importance. In this study, influence of variable physical properties of ANSI 1025 and AISI 304 steels and different boundary conditions namely forced convection, free convection and radiation on the calculation of cooling process was investigated. Governing differential equations were solved numerically for non-steady cases. It was found that variable properties should be taken into consideration for ANSI 1025, while the physical properties determined at an average temperature can be used for AISI 304. Another conclusion is that free convection can be neglected compared with radiation especially if forced convection coefficient is low.     

Natural Convective Heat and Mass Transfer of Water with Corrosion Products at Super—Critical Pressures under Cooling COnditions

A numerical study is reported of laminar natural convective heat and mass transfer on a vertical cooled plate for water containing metal corrosion products at super-critical pressures. The influence of variable properties at super-critical pressures on natural convection has been analyzed. The difference between heat and mass transfer under cooling or heating conditions is also discussed and some correlations for heat and mass transfer under cooling conditions are recommended.     

Thermodynamic performance analysis of a copper–chlorine thermochemical cycle and biomass based combined plant for multigeneration

The primary objective of this work is to investigate a comprehensive thermodynamic assessment of the biomass-assisted multigeneration plant for electrical energy, hydrogen, heating-cooling, drying, and hot water production. The suggested multigeneration plant includes the biomass gasification process, Brayton cycle, Kalina cycle, organic Rankine cycle, and cascade refrigeration plant, which is to produce heating and cooling loads, drying system, hydrogen generation with copper–chlorine thermochemical process, and hydrogen liquefaction process. Based on the thermodynamic laws, the total irreversibility rate and performance assessment of the examined study is conducted. Moreover, the impact of various factors such as reference temperature, biomass gasifier temperature, and mass flow rate of biofuel, on the effectiveness and useful outputs of planned plant are examined. The outcomes of the proposed study show that 18 626, 3948 and 1037 kW electrical energy are generated by using the Brayton, Kalina, and organic Rankine cycle. Furthermore, the total cooling and heating capacities and hydrogen generation rates are 2392, 2864 kW and 0.068 kg s⁻¹. Finally, energetic and exergetic effectiveness of the examined model are calculated as 56.71% and 53.59%.     

Theoretical model for evaluation of variable frequency drive for cooling water pumps in sea water based once through condenser cooling water systems

In sea water based once through cooling water system for power plants, sea water is pumped through the condenser and the return hot water is let back to sea. The cooling water pumps (CWP) in power plants generally operate at constant speed, pumping variable quantities of water depending on the tide level in the sea. The variable flow causes variation in condenser back pressure resulting in changes in the turbine cycle heat rate. If the pump speed is controlled using a variable frequency drive (VFD) to maintain design flow irrespective of the tide level, the CWP power consumption can be reduced compared to the case with constant speed CWP. However, the turbine cycle heat rate benefit that could have accrued at tide levels above the pre defined level (for fixing the CWP head) with constant speed CWP would have to be sacrificed. This paper provides a theoretical model with a typical case study to establish viability of providing VFD for CWPs in power plants with sea water based once through condenser cooling water system.     

Sustainable heating and cooling systems for agriculture

Space heating/cooling systems account for approximately 40% of the global energy consumption. Such systems contribute to global warming by emitting 4×10¹⁰ MWh of heat and 3×10¹⁰ tons of CO₂. There is a general understanding that the way to reduce global warming is a more efficient use of energy and increased use of renewable energy in all fields of the society. Ground‐coupled heating/cooling systems, which have proven to make huge contributions in reducing energy consumption in Europe and North America, is here applied for poultry industry in Syria, as an example for the Middle East. There are e.g. 13 000 chicken farms in Syria producing 172 000 tons of meat per year. This industry employs directly almost 150 000 people. The total investments in chicken farming are 130 BSP (2 B€). The annual mean air temperature in Syria is 15–18°C with winter temperatures close to freezing during two months. The chickens need a temperature of 21–35°C, depending on age, and the heating of all Syrian chicken plants consume 173×10³ tons of coal (1196 GWh). In the summer time, the ambient air temperature in Syria could reach above 45°C. The chicken farms have no cooling systems since conventional cooling system is too expensive. The elevated temperature inside the farms reduces the chicken growth and lots of chicken die of overheating. The ground temperature at 10 m depth is roughly equal to the annual mean air temperature. Using the ground as a heat source means a sustainable and less expensive heating of the chicken farms. During the summer, the ground is used as a source for free cooling, i.e. used directly for cooling of the plants without any cooling machines. Current study shows the design and simulated operation of a ground‐coupled heating/cooling system for a typical chicken farm in Syria. Performed national potential study showed that the implementation of such ground coupled heating and cooling systems in the Syrian poultry sector would mean increased poultry production and considerable savings in money, energy, and the environment. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Heat transfer characteristics of impinging jets: The influence of unsteadiness with different waveforms

A series of experiments are conducted in which specially designed periodic air jets are applied to a heated surface for the purpose of enhancing heat transfer relative to the corresponding steady air jet. The periodic jets are produced by a mass flow rate controller. The experiments are performed for steady jets and for specially designed periodic jets, including a combination of sinusoidal, triangular and rectangular jets at frequencies from 1.25 to 20 Hz, the triangular signal having a different symmetry (representing the ratio of time to increasing velocity in one cycle to total cycle time) and the rectangular jets having a variable duty cycle (representing the ratio of the pulse cycle on-time to off-time) at frequencies of 10 Hz and 20 Hz. Various unsteady jets show distinguishing frequency dependences and the step change, i.e. the sudden increase or decrease of signal, shows some advantageous influence on heat transfer improvement, especially negative step change. Therefore, the enhancement of combined signals lies between the performances of the individual signals. The enhancement for triangular (or sinusoidal) plus rectangular signals shows some improved performance compared with that of rectangular plus triangular (or sinusoidal) signals. The heat transfers are enhanced as Strouhal number increases from 0.004 to 0.068 on the whole for impinging jet with such combined signals. The signals of triangular jet with symmetry parameter of 0 and 1 have improved heat transfer, and the latter has a slightly better result than the former. The instantaneous changing rate of velocity also has an influence on heat transfer improvements. Thus the duty cycle of 1:2 has the best performance in terms of heat transfer enhancement in this study.