松散击实火山岩坡残积土的应力应变特性及其对滑坡的意义

本文对松散击实火山岩风化坡残积土开展了等压固结排水和不排水剪、偏压固结常剪应力排水剪试验,揭示了该类土的应力应变特性,得到了临界状态线。在此基础上,分析了击实填土边坡在暴雨条件下的破坏机理。     

Numerical Analyses and Monitoring Performance of Residual Soil Slopes

Changes in the pore-water pressure of unsaturated soil slopes due to rainwater infiltration comprise a crucial factor which affects the shear strength of soils and may trigger slope failures. Two residual soil slopes in two main geological formations in Singapore, the Bukit Timah Granite and the sedimentary Jurong Formation, were fully instrumented. Real-time monitoring systems were developed to examine the pore-water pressure, the rainfall and the groundwater level of the slopes for over a year. The characteristics of the pore-water pressure distributions in both slopes during rainfall were highlighted and compared. The monitoring results indicate that the residual soil slope of the Bukit Timah Granite has a thicker unsaturated zone due to a deeper groundwater table than the residual soil slope of the sedimentary Jurong Formation. A higher permeability of the residual soil of the Bukit Timah Granite results in more rapid changes in negative pore-water pressure due to rainwater infiltration than the residual soil of the sedimentary Jurong Formation. Therefore, the residual soil slope of the Bukit Timah Granite differs from the residual soil slope of the sedimentary Jurong Formation in the changes in shear strength and the variations in the factor of safety during rainfall. The differing characteristics of the pore-water pressure responses during rainfall for these two residual soil slopes are analyzed in the present study based on the results of field measurements and numerical analyses.     

松散砂土不稳定性试验研究

 对松散丰浦砂进行三轴不排水和常偏应力排水剪切(constant shear drained,简写为CSD)试验。试验采用高精度变围压三轴仪可实现CSD试验全过程偏应力不变,得到比以往研究更为可靠的试验结果。试验发现,在不排水试验中,同一孔隙比的试样在不同围压下具有相同的不稳定线,但同一围压下不稳定线的斜率随孔隙比的增大逐渐减小并趋于稳定。试样在完全排水条件下会发生不稳定,即试样产生明显塑性变形,轴向应变和体积应变迅速增大。以往的研究中CSD应力路径的施加采用轴向力不变,试验过程中偏应力的减小会对不稳定性的判断造成影响,这可能是不同研究者得出不一致结论的重要原因。对松散砂土在不排水和排水条件下不稳定性的区别与联系进行分析,得出如下结论：松散砂土无论在不排水条件下还是在完全排水条件下,相同孔隙比的试样均是在同一应力比下达到不稳定状态。试验结果为排水条件下不稳定性机制研究提供更强有力的试验依据,可用于解释某些边坡的破坏机制。     

Impact of the wetting process on the hydro-mechanical behavior of unsaturated residual soil from flysch rock mass: preliminary results

Slope instabilities in the form of shallow and deep-seated landslides in flysch formations throughout Europe typically occur after prolonged periods of heavy rainfall. The Rječina River Valley, Croatia, is characterized by the presence of flysch material in the lower part of the Valley, where numerous historical and recent landslides have occurred. The weathering process and climate conditions result in a complex engineering geological profile of flysch slopes in the Valley, with unsaturated residual soil covering the slopes. To investigate the behavior of residual soil existing on the flysch slope under increasing water content due to the rainfall infiltration process, undisturbed soil samples collected at natural water content were tested in the modified direct shear apparatus. Under imposed stress conditions, samples of low hydraulic conductivity were subjected to a prolonged wetting process simulating the rainfall infiltration process in the field. The obtained results suggest that a gradual decrease of matric suction and an increase of water content resulted in an increase of displacement rates under constant shear stress, which was interpreted as a failure of samples in partially saturated conditions. A unique shear strength envelope expressed in terms of Bishop’s effective stress equation was found to be able to predict stress conditions at the slip surface at the time of failure, while the relationship between measured matric suction and water content closely matched with the main wetting curve. Although the testing results did not point out any special characteristics of residual soil from flysch rock mass behavior, the data about hydro-mechanical behavior of unsaturated residual soil from flysch rock mass, as well as similar fine-grained soils, are very rare and presented results would be valuable for further research. The presented testing procedure and obtained results are useful for studies of rainfall-induced landslides triggered in fine-grained soil materials in zones above the phreatic line, such as shallow landslides occurring in natural flysch slopes or in physical landslide models built in laboratories.

     

Geo- and Hydro-Mechanical Evaluation of Slope Failure Induced by Torrential Rains in Northern-Kyushu Area,July 2009

Torrential rainfall in mid-July 2009 triggered numerous geodisasters such as slope failure and debris flow in Chugoku and Northern Kyushu areas of Japan. A number of slope failures and debris flows occurred in Yamaguchi and Fukuoka prefectures resulting in extensive damage to human life and infrastructure. One of the most serious geodisasters included a slope failure followed by debris flow at Sasaguri-machi and Fukuchi-machi, Fukuoka prefecture, Japan. This paper summarizes the results of geotechnical investigations on the geodisaster sites in Fukuoka prefecture. The geotechnical investigation included determining a series of grain size distributions, consistency limits and conducting direct box shear tests for collapsed soils collected at six disaster sites. The generation mechanisms of slope failure followed by debris flow were also investigated by analyzing the precipitation, topography, geology, and strength properties of the collapsed soils. Moreover, slope deformation and stability analyses were coupled with an unsaturated-saturated seepage analysis to investigate the slope failure mechanism. The main findings from the study are summarized as: The physical properties, such as the grain size distribution, the plastic limit and liquid limit of collapsed soils, are summarized and compared with the results of other failure slopes in the literature. The collapsed soil was characterized as being a well grained soil (the uniformity coefficient >50) and highly weathered (the ignition loss >5%), however, with regard to the liquid limit and plastic index, there were no remarkable findings. The original shear strength for collapsed soils with natural water content is relatively large and slope failure doesn't occur because the cohesion in the shear strength is induced by a suction force between the soil particles under unsaturated condition. However, water seepage into the soil induces a drastic decrease in the shear strength, which is mainly caused by a decrease in cohesion (losing suction) resulting from soil saturation. In addition, the drained/undrained condition in the shear process is also sensitive to shear strength. For example, both water seepage and the shear process with constant volume cause an approximate 30% reduction in shear strength for Fukuchi-machi and Sasaguri-machi soil samples. Therefore, the reduction of cohesive strength due to water seepage and the low permeability of the slope are the parameters which trigger geodisaster. Based on the results of slope deformation and a stability analyses which took the change in water pressure and cohesive strength into account, the geodisaster at Fukuchi-machi was simulated, it is reasonable to assume that the shallow failure near the top of slope occurred due to torrential precipitation of about 100 mm per hour which triggered a debris flow.     

Accumulated Deformation of Sand with Initial Shear Stress and Effective Stress State Lying Near Failure Conditions

This study concerns the development of residual deformations in soil subjected to static shear and cyclic stress components. This problem plays an important role in such situation as natural slopes, slopes of embankments and dams, quay walls. Among them, the present study focuses in particular on cyclic undrained behavior with static shear stress. Furthermore, in the case of structures with static shear stress and subjected to the earthquake shaking, the forces acting in the shear plane are generally one-way cyclic loading without reversing its direction. Experimental research was focused on the accumulation of shear strain in the soil element during one-way cyclic loading (torsional stress loading only on positive or negative side). Series of torsional shear tests on hollow cylindrical specimens of Toyoura sand with relative density of 40% and 60%, with isotropic stress condition under effective pressure of 98 kPa, 196 kPa and 294 kPa as well as anisotropic conditions were made in order to investigate the incremental shear strain per cycle during cyclic loading. The level of static shear stress was set equal to half of the ultimate stress under drained conditions (factor of safety equal to two). The experimental results showed that the presence of static shear stress increases the resistance of sandy soil. The experimental results of the shear strain increment per cycle and the number of cycles were plotted in a logarithmic scale to show a linear relationship with each other. Based on these findings a simple model for prediction of shear strain was developed.     

地下水位上升引起斜坡变形的完全耦合分析

降雨是导致斜坡破坏的主要原因。地表水冲蚀与渗入、地下水运动都可能引发松散斜坡破坏。地下水位上升和地下水在土中渗流引起土体应力状态变化是导致斜坡在降雨过程中或降雨后变形与破坏的关键因素。本文采用完全耦合有效应力分析程序和与状态相关的剪胀性砂土模型模拟斜坡因地下水位变化而发生的变形。通过逐步改变初始和终止地下水位间土单元中孔隙水的密度模拟地下水位上升的效应。完全耦合方法可以模拟孔隙水和土骨架间漂浮和渗透的相互作用。本文分别模拟松散斜坡、回填压实斜坡和填石斜坡等3种斜坡的性能。分析结果表明:填土密度和斜坡排水条件是影响斜坡因地下水位上升而变形和破坏的重要因素。     

Research on the improvement of rainfall infiltration behavior of expansive soil slope by the protection of polymer waterproof coating

The repetitive expansion and contraction cracks, as well as the strength attenuation induced by the precipitation-evaporation cycles, are important factors influencing the instability of expansive soil slopes. In this study, a polymer waterproof coating was proposed to protect the expansive soil slope against slope instability caused by precipitation penetration. The bonding performance of expansive soil blocks (with different soil densities) and polymer waterproof coatings (with different coating thicknesses) were analyzed by performing a laboratory pull-out test. The impacts of different protection methods and protection layer coverage on rainwater infiltration behavior were studied using three groups of slope model tests and numerical simulation approaches. The results showed that the bond strength between the expansive soil test block and the coating increased with the increase in soil compaction density, and the test block strength was an important factor affecting the bond performance. The influence of density of test block on bond strength was greater than that of coating thickness. The calculation formula of bond strength was obtained by fitting the test results. Compared to the unprotected slope, the fluctuation of soil moisture content and rainwater infiltration rate in the slope protected by polymer coating was found to be the least. Protective layer of polymer coating proved to have the most significant role in blocking rainwater infiltration, followed by polymer coating + three-dimensional vegetation net protective layer. When the coverage rate of the protective layer exceeds more than 90%, the effect of blocking rainwater infiltration was remarkable. Simultaneously, the variation range of slope water content, rainwater infiltration depth, and infiltration rate decreased significantly. This research result provides a new solution for expansive soil slope protection and rainwater infiltration control.     

Surficial stability analysis of soil slope under seepage based on a novel failure mode

Normally, the edge effects of surficial landslides are not considered in the infinite slope method for surficial stability analysis of soil slopes. In this study, the limit stress state and discrimination equation of an infinite slope under saturated seepage flow were analyzed based on the Mohr-Coulomb strength criterion. Therefore, a novel failure mode involving three sliding zones (upper tension zone, middle shear sliding zone, and lower compression zone) was proposed. Accordingly, based on the limit equilibrium analysis, a semi-analytical framework considering the edge effect for the surficial stability of a soil slope under downslope seepage was established. Subsequently, the new failure mode was verified via a numerical finite element analysis based on the reduced strength theory with ABAQUS and some simplified methods using SLIDE software. The results obtained by the new failure mode agree well with those obtained by the numerical analysis and traditional simplified methods, and can be efficiently used to assess the surficial stability of soil slopes under rainwater seepage. Finally, an evaluation of the infinite slope method was performed using the semi-analytical method proposed in this study. The results show that the infinite slope tends to be conservative because the edge effect is neglected, particularly when the ratio of surficial slope length to depth is relatively small.     

现今斜坡工程安全设计理论的根本缺陷与灾难后果

滑坡及其灾难在世界各地、经现代岩土工程设计施工的斜坡中不断地发生。论文提出、分析和论证了造成工程斜坡滑坡的一个本质原因。它就是现代斜坡工程安全设计理论存在根本缺陷。这个缺陷表现在3个方面。第一,土体抗剪强度参数（有效黏聚力和有效内摩擦角）在斜坡安全设计中假定为常数,不随土体孔隙和含水率的增大而减低到零,孔隙水对土体剪切强度的影响仅体现在孔隙水压强对有效应力的影响。第二,经典岩土力学理论（特别是有效应力原理和排水固结理论）仅能预测外部加载产生土体压剪、孔隙率减小、土体强度增大的岩土稳定工况过程。它们不适用于外部卸载造成土体拉张、孔隙率增大、土体强度减少的岩土破垮工况过程。第三,斜坡安全系数是土体抗剪强度与施加剪切应力的比值。由于土体强度本值（品质）很低,加固工程增加这个比值安全系数达到设计最小值时所能够提供的强度本质（品质）增加量也就不高。斜坡工程岩土体的强度和品质没有得到能够防治岩土体拉张变形和滑垮的根本改善和增强。从而,工程人员必须精心全力地确保低品质斜坡工程岩土不破垮和滑塌。可是,又由于工程斜坡众多和它们的降雨、场地和环境变化较大,上述3个方面现代斜坡工程安全设计理论的根本缺陷可以导致：达到安全设计标准的工程斜坡,在施工和营运过程中,能够发生滑垮、产生灾难后果。本论文特别认为,经典岩土力学理论是仅适用于完全压剪的,应称为压剪岩土力学理论。提出了应该建立既适用压剪又适用拉剪的、新的土力学理论和防抗岩土灾害设计方法。     

强降雨下无黏性土坡破坏的影响因素试验研究

利用自行研制的室内水槽模型试验系统,对日本#6,#7和#8硅砂试样开展了固定降雨强度(90 mm/h)下诱发无黏性土坡破坏的模型试验;描述了强降雨条件下无黏性土坡的破坏过程,探讨了坡体厚度、前缘卸荷、土样颗粒尺寸及细颗粒含量对破坏过程的影响规律,分析了土坡破坏过程中的孔隙水压力响应特征.结果表明:①在持续强降雨作用下,...     

降雨条件下含软弱夹层土坡的离心模型试验研究

进行了降雨条件下含软弱夹层黏性土坡的离心模型试验。试验主要研究了降雨条件下坡体的吸力和变形规律,重点分析了软弱夹层对坡体的影响。测量了含软弱夹层黏性土坡的位移和土坡内一点的吸力。试验结果表明由于软弱夹层的遇水软化和高渗透特性,降雨后含软弱夹层黏性土坡在软弱夹层发生滑出。降雨条件下含软弱夹层黏性土坡的变形可以分为均匀变形、错动阶段和滑坡3个阶段。对降雨过程中的吸力变化与坡体应变变化进行了分析,表明可以通过坡体中各点应变的发展反推出降雨入渗时刻和分布。软弱夹层的存在造成了降雨入渗分布的变化,导致了坡体错动带在该处不再连续,并降低了边坡的稳定性。     

Experimental tests of slope failure due to rainfalls using 1g physical slope models

In order to mitigate the damage due to sediment disasters, knowledge about how slopes fail due to rainfall is indispensable. The main objectives of this paper were to investigate experimentally the effects of surface sand layer density and rainfall intensity on the slop failures due to rainfalls. We conducted a series of experimental tests using 1g physical slope models constructed of Kasumigaura sand and a silt soil named DL clay for the permeable residual surface layer and the firm rock foundation, respectively. A total of nine cases with different combinations of surface sand layer densities and rainfall intensities was tested. Two types of failure: surface slide failure and retrogressive failure, were observed depending on the rainfall intensity and the surface sand layer density. The following mechanism of failure was accounted. At first some sands, which contained a lot of accumulated rainwater, flowed out (flowslide) at the slope toes. The flow slides may be due to the reductions of effective stresses as a result. When a surface slide failure occurred, most of the PWP (pore water pressure) values were still negative but the whole sand layers were almost at the saturation condition. In the case of retrogressive failures, seepage surfaces rose up to higher positions and excess PWPs appeared under the seepage surfaces. This difference of generation mechanism of PWP values may be the deciding factor in the difference in the type of failure.     

强降雨条件下含软弱夹层粘性土坡稳定性分析

为了分析含软弱夹层粘性土坡在强降雨条件下的稳定性,结合某失稳边坡工程现场实际调研资料,基于饱和非饱和渗流与非饱和抗剪强度理论,提出了一种新的含软弱夹层粘性土坡稳定性分析方法,并利用该方法分析了强降雨条件下边坡的渗流特性及安全系数变化规律。分析结果表明:降雨入渗先在边坡软弱夹层内形成暂态饱和区,且当坡顶入渗的雨水未渗流至软弱夹层时,夹层内暂态饱和区中的雨水会沿夹层上表面向着坡顶方向渗流;降雨入渗过程中,边坡基质吸力与铅直有效应力之间存在严格的正相关变化关系;随着降雨历时的增加,塑性区首先在软弱夹层内部贯通,然后向坡顶扩展,边坡安全系数逐渐降低;降雨停止一段时间后,由于坡顶入渗雨水的补给,软弱夹层内局部将仍存在暂态饱和区,此时,塑性区面积会由坡顶向软弱夹层内部减小,再由夹层内部至坡面逐渐缩减,但边坡安全系数并未明显上升;根据数值计算结果可将粘性土坡失稳过程分为夹层软化、夹层挤压、拉伸裂缝、坡顶沉降和断裂滑移等5个阶段。因此,为了降低强降雨对边坡稳定性的影响,在含软弱夹层粘性土坡支护设计时应着重考虑边坡排水系统的合理布设。     

中主应力系数对应力主轴循环旋转条件下砂土变形特性的影响

采用香港科技大学的空心圆柱扭剪仪对日本标准丰浦砂进行了四个系列、每个系列包含中主应力系数b=0.1,0.5和1.0三种不同情况的纯应力主轴循环旋转排水试验,即试验过程中控制作用在砂样上的有效主应力的幅值不变,仅应力主轴在0°～180°循环旋转。试验发现中主应力系数b对应力主轴循环旋转条件下砂土的变形特性有显著影响,着重分析了这一参数对纯应力主轴循环旋转条件下砂土的应变分量和体应变的发展、剪应力剪应变关系曲线及流动规律等变形特性的影响。     

砂土剪胀剪缩特性及其对抗剪强度的影响

为了研究饱和砂土的剪胀剪缩特性及其对抗剪强度的影响,选取滹沱河细砂,利用空心圆柱扭剪仪较系统地开展了一系列不同初始密度、不同固结压力条件下的排水与不排水纯扭剪试验研究,在总应力保持不变的情况下研究了砂土的剪胀剪缩特性,着重探讨了在排水与不排水试验中,不同密度和不同有效围压的砂土在单调剪切荷载作用下的应力-应变关系、硬化与软化、土体的剪胀剪缩以及强度等特性。结果表明:砂土密度和固结压力对砂土剪胀剪缩特性具有显著的影响;砂土的剪胀剪缩特性对砂土的排水、不排水强度以及应力-应变关系产生显著的影响;由于剪胀剪缩特性的影响,砂土的不排水抗剪强度甚至可能高于排水抗剪强度;研究成果可为今后砂土的本构模型和数值模拟提供试验资料。     

Investigation into the triggering mechanism of loess landslides in the south Jingyang platform,Shaanxi province

Loess landslide incidents have resulted in significant economic losses and human casualties in Northwest China. To investigate the triggering mechanism of such loess landslides in the south Jingyang platform, Shaanxi province, an area which is subject to loess landslides, we performed a series of field measurements for loess landslide LD37 and also undertook laboratory. Comparisons between the field measurements of LD37 and the results of the constant shear drained (CSD) triaxial test indicate that the seepage from irrigation-water infiltration triggered the loess landslides in the study area where the initiation of the local sliding surfaces was linked to gentle stratum erosion and their subsequent development was because of excessive stratum erosion. The development of slow–rapid strain cycles in the ε–p′ plot from the CSD triaxial test results indicates that loess landslides are a feature of progressive failure of the loess slope. Preventive measures to reduce irrigation-water infiltration into loess slopes should be taken to prevent similar incidents from recurring in the future.

     

Soil-water interaction in unsaturated expansive soil slopes

The intensive soil-water interaction in unsaturated expansive soil is one of the major reasons for slope failures. In this paper, the soil-water interaction is investigated with the full-scale field inspection of rainwater infiltration and comprehensive experiments, including wetting-induced softening tests, swelling, and shrinkage tests. It is demonstrated that the soil-water interaction induced by seasonal wetting-drying cycles is very complex, and it involves coupled effects among the changes in water content, suction, stress, deformation and shear strength. In addition, the abundant cracks in the expansive soil play an important role in the soil-water interaction. The cracks disintegrate the soil mass, and more importantly, provide easy pathways for rainfall infiltration. Infiltration of rainwater not only results in wetting-induced softening of the shallow unsaturated soil layers, but also leads to the increase of horizontal stress. The increase of horizontal stress may lead to a local passive failure. The seasonal wetting-drying cycles tend to result in a down-slope creeping of the shallow soil layer, which leads to progressive slope failure. Translated from Journal of Zhejiang University (Engineering Science), 2006, 40(3): 494–500 [译自: 浙江大学学报 (工学版)]     

Performance of an instrumented slope covered with shrubs and deep-rooted grass

Green technology, an integrated design approach that combines vegetation and engineering design methods, can be applied to improve slope stability. Orange Jasmine is a small tropical evergreen shrub which has deep root systems and is considered to be a drought-tolerant plant that adapts well to a wide range of climatic and soil conditions. It can also grow in infertile soils, limestone soils or loam. Vetiver grass has been widely cultivated in many tropical and subtropical regions of the world for soil and water conservation, land rehabilitation, and embankment stabilization. Vetiver grass has deep roots (2–4 m) and adapts well under extreme conditions of temperature, soil, moisture, soil acidity, and alkalinity. The role of Orange Jasmine and Vetiver grass in minimizing rainwater infiltration, for improving the stability of slopes, was investigated on a soil slope in Singapore with its tropical climate. Two slope sections, covered with Orange Jasmine and Vetiver grass, were instrumented with tensiometers, installed at different depths within the slope, and a rainfall gauge. The instruments were connected to a real-time monitoring system to study the pore-water pressure, the rainfall, and the groundwater level in the slope throughout a one-year period. The pore-water pressure characteristics within the slope sections covered with Orange Jasmine and Vetiver grass are analyzed and presented in this paper. The analyses indicate that both Orange Jasmine and Vetiver grass played a significant role in reducing rainwater infiltration into the slope, minimizing the loss of matric suction, and hence, the shear strength of the soil during rainfall and, as a result, maintained the stability of the slope. Vetiver grass and Orange Jasmine appeared to be similar in effectiveness in terms of reducing the rainwater infiltration into the slope.     

非饱和砂土坡面降雨非正交入渗试验与数值模拟研究

传统降雨入渗分析仅以降雨强度在坡面上的正交分量作为边界条件,不符合实际降雨非正交入渗规律。为了研究非饱和砂土的非正交入渗规律性,采用自行研制的室内降雨试验装置对非饱和砂土坡面进行了一系列不同降雨强度、坡角和孔隙比的降雨入渗试验,并对应地进行了正交入渗条件下的数值模拟。测量了入渗率、出渗速率及砂土储水增量随时间变化的关系曲线,分析了雨强、坡角和孔隙比对试验结果的影响。试验结果显示各试验中均无坡面径流现象,与正交入渗边界理论差异显著。通过分析非饱和砂土在传统坡面降雨正交入渗边界条件下的入渗率、出渗速率及砂土储水增量等数值模拟结果与对应的降雨入渗试验结果的差异,证明按正交入渗边界理论计算得到的砂土坡面土体含水率、入渗能力及坡面边界条件转化的判别机制均与实际情况不符。