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1.
Li NIU Leiqing XU Zhong TANG 《Frontiers of Architecture and Civil Engineering in China》2008,2(4):386-390
The authors brought forward the definition of “Gestalt space” and indicated this kind of space can be easily cognized. Three
experiments showed that “classification” and “grouping” are the human strategies to solve wayfinding problems. “Similarity”
and “Legibility” of the space are advantageous to help people to complete wayfinding tasks. The designer should provide the
essential “Legibility” in Gestalt space, by using some techniques such as “break” and “accession” to settle the wayfinding
problem.
__________
Translated from Architectural Journal, 2007, (5): 89–91 [译自: 建筑学报] 相似文献
2.
Statistical and mathematical sources of regional science theory: Map pattern analysis as an example 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
Daniel A. Griffith 《Papers in Regional Science》1999,78(1):21-45
Krugman states that “Regional science is not a unified subject. It is best described as a collection of tools.” Unfortunately
such a perspective fails to fully acknowledge theoretical dimensions of the accompanying refocusing on geographic expressions
of economic linkages, such as those highlighted in spatial externalities specifications. Such promulgated aspects of the spatial
economic landscape relate to map pattern, and certainly the spatial statistics and spatial econometrics theory that accompanies
it, as well as the underlying substantive theory garnered from a variety of sources. The principal implication is other than
“loose- jointed, do-the-best-you-can theorizing”.
Received: 22 November 1997 / Accepted: 10 March 1998 相似文献
3.
Robina Goodlad 《Journal of Housing and the Built Environment》1999,14(3):241-256
This paper addresses three neglected issues in the restructuring of housing policy and provision in the UK in the 1980s and
1990s: first, the relationship between welfare restructuring and management regimes; second, the nature of local variations
in the impact of welfare restructuring; and third, the significance of human agency interpretations of change. The paper starts
by summarizing the main features of welfare state restructuring and then considers recent manifestations of citizenship and
managerialism in housing. Three competing conceptions of citizenship rights are used to examine changing notions of welfare:
“market efficiency”, “institutionalized rights” and the “radical challenge” provided by social movements. A four-part typology
of the main concepts and themes in the “new public management”—“efficiency”, “downsizing and decentralization”, “excellence”
and “public service”—is used to present the main components of change in management regimes. The paper draws on literatures
on housing management, citizenship and “the new public management” and on recent research into tenant participation, housing
rights and housing advice services. Conclusions are drawn about how tensions between different conceptions of citizenship
and public management are implicated with national and global influences at the local level to create particular welfare outcomes. 相似文献
4.
Hua LI 《Frontiers of Architecture and Civil Engineering in China》2010,4(4):465-473
The purpose of this paper is to explore how the “Beaux-Arts” “composition” sustained the constitution of design principles
for architectural production in China in the last two decades of the twentieth century. “Composition”, a key technique of
the “Beaux-Arts” system, is not a simple act of “putting elements together” into a unified whole, but also relates to an array
of different “constructions” of architectural knowledge which regulate and sustain the act of design. Through analysing the
structure of three “textbooks” published in the early 1980s, this paper examines three aspects of the “constructions”: the
setting up of the principles for governing architectural forms, regularisation of design methods and approaches for architectural
practice, and the construction of a “tradition” for the expression of “Chineseness”. 相似文献
5.
In recent years increased emphasis has been placed on use of “tenant-based” housing subsidies for acquisition of market-rate
housing that is more economically and racially integrated than traditional “project-based” public housing. In this article,
we model the short-term economic effects upon various groups of a hypothetical program in which low-income families move from
inner-city public housing to spatially dispersed Section 8 rental housing. Using cross-section data from the Chicago region,
impacts are computed for two of these groups. Preliminary results indicate that the short-term net economic impact of this
hypothetical housing relocation is negative, that these impacts have a spatial character, and that there is a potential tradeoff
between tenant benefits, housing subsidies from society and housing integration.
Received: 20 January 1998 / Accepted: 30 November 1998 相似文献
6.
Mechanisms of large-scale landslides in China 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
Runqiu Huang 《Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment》2012,71(1):161-170
Large-scale landslides in western China are famous for their size, complex formation mechanism and serious destruction. Data
were collected from some typical large-scale landslides in mainland China in the 20th century. A number of geo-mechanical
models have been identified: the “three sections” model (sliding; tension cracking; shearing), “retaining wall collapse”,
“horizontal-pushing” in horizontal strata; large-scale toppling in counter-inclined strata; the creep-bending–shearing model
etc. Large-scale rock landslides are generally accompanied by sudden brittle failure of the “locking section” along the potential
sliding surface. The paper discusses the importance of this “locking section” which is key to assessing slope geohazard and
to the development of control/mitigation measures. 相似文献
7.
Measuring the effects of air quality regulations on “dirty” firm births: Evidence from the neo- and mature-regulatory periods 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
In this article, we use annual (1980–90) county-level manufacturing plant location data for New York State to examine the
effects of the 1977 Clean Air Act Amendments on the location decisions of new pollution-intensive manufacturing plants in
the “:neo-regulatory” (1980-84) and “mature-regulatory” (1985–90) phases of the Act's implementation. Our results suggest
that the temporal effects of regulation vary. Whereas the location decisions of pollution intensive manufacturing firms were
unaffected by the Act's regulatory restrictions in the “neo-regulatory” period, the restrictions appear to have had a significant
negative impact on the location decisions of these types of firms in the Act's “mature-regulatory” phase. The diversion of
new pollution intensive plants to counties with less stringent environmental regulations suggests that current US environmental
regulations may be leading to a “browning process” whereby counties historically free of pollution become havens for polluters.
Received: 2 April 1999 / Accepted: 18 October 1999 相似文献
8.
Louis de Mesnard 《The Annals of Regional Science》2011,46(2):427-454
In the Supply-Use (or Make-Use) input–output models, “product-technology” (PT) or “fixed-industry-sales-structure” (FISS)
assumptions are more widely adopted (SNA, Eurostat) for deriving symmetric input–output tables (SIOT) than “industry-technology”
or “fixed-product-sales-structure” assumptions, but generate negatives in the SIOT. A SIOT deduced from the Supply-Use model
is considered as satisfactory as soon as it contains no more negatives; scholars have focused on the negatives in the SIOT
and on how to remove them. However, as a SIOT may include no negatives even if there are some negatives in the inverse Supply
matrix, we have completely reversed the reasoning. A counter-example demonstrates that computing the inverse Supply matrix,
as imposed by PT or FISS assumptions, is mathematically a nonsense operation even when the symmetric input–output tables do not include any negative; this result is new. Hence, deriving a SIOT under PT or FISS assumption must be rejected. Three applications are provided:
Austria 2000 and 2005 and USA 2007. 相似文献
9.
The today-availability of powerful engineering equation solvers is opening very new possibilities in technical component modelling
and in system simulation. The simulation models, the “user guide” and the “reference guide” are all included in a same file.
Reliable “reference” and “simplified” models are currently available for the building zone and for most (heating, ventilation
and air-conditioning) HVAC components. Focus is given here on “simplified” models and on a simulation tool, called “Benchmark”.
This tool should help an auditor to make the best use of the limited information usually available about actual fuel and electricity
consumptions and to get a very first evaluation of the actual performances of a given HVAC system. An example of such use
is presented. Another simulation tools and more information about the modelling of HVAC components will be presented in a
further paper. 相似文献
10.
This article reconsiders the patterns of intra-Asia trade and the linkages with foreign direct investment (FDI) in this region.
The following conclusions are drawn. Firstly, by 1985 intra-Asia trade exhibited both distinct patterns of inter-industry
trade on the one hand, and intra-industry trade on the other. Secondly, the patterns of trade in this region have not changed
since 1985 from vertical to horizontal, but from a “flying-geese” to an “acrobatic” type, due to the sharp increase in FDI
within the region. Thirdly, since the early 1990s, FDI began to shift to China due to the wage differentials between China
and other East Asian countries. This made the countries of East Asia compete with one another, rushing to obtain capital and
financial resources from all over the world – ultimately contributing to recent financial and economic turbulence in the region.
The article concludes with some brief policy recommendations on how to avoid a recurrence of the Asian crisis in the 21 century.
Received: 18 August 1997 / Accepted: 16 December 1998 相似文献
11.
In this paper, we evaluate the influence of different parameter weights in creating “typical year” weather data following
the typical meteorological year (TMY) methodology, by studying two sets of 3600 alternate weather files created using different
parameter weights for Beijing (China) and New York City (USA). A “typical year” weather file consists of twelve distinctive
months, each considered typical for that month of the year. Such a typical month, named “typical meteorological month (TMM),”
is commonly identified by using a certain combination of parameter weights, such as 4:4:4:12, for dry bulb temperature, dew
point temperature, wind speed, and solar radiation as in the TMY weather files developed by US National Climate Data Center
(NCDC), or 4:4:2:10 in the newer TMY2 and TMY3 weather files developed by National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL). In
this study, we investigate the influence of varying the parameter weights on the TMMs and the resultant new TMY weather files
(nTMY). We found that the distribution of new 3600 TMMs tend to cluster within one or a few years for each month, and that
the probabilities are very high for significant overlap between the new TMMs and the original TMMs chosen using the TMY/TMY2
weighting. Compared to the TMM data in TMY, the deviations of air temperatures and solar radiation values of the new TMMs
and nTMYs derived from the 20-year weather data are less than 10% for both Beijing and New York. This confirms that the creation
of “typical year” weather data is not very sensitive to the weighting of the different weather parameters, and that most nTMYs
created and evaluated in this study are empirically close to the TMY data intended for use of simulating building energy consumption. 相似文献
12.
Raphael Bar-El 《The Annals of Regional Science》2006,40(2):393-405
The inability of the free market to lead to a balanced regional labor market equilibrium has been explained to a certain extent by the spatial mismatch hypothesis: “housing segregation” explains a deadlock situation where a “center” with high unemployment and low income coexists with “suburbs” with high labor demand and income. The author proposes a framework for a theoretical general equilibrium model that may explain the existence of a spatial equilibrium with inequalities in employment and income in various regions. This model explains the interregional imbalances on the labor demand side due to the changes in relative land prices and agglomeration economies and diseconomies in three separate types of economic sectors. On the labor supply side, the model suggests a pattern of a commuting–migration relationship by which labor migrates for housing reasons while retaining present jobs and commuting back to them. Government intervention through influence on travel costs, education, and land allocation can lead to the diminution of such interregional gaps. 相似文献
13.
Sasaki (2002) argues that: (1) “the agglomeration effect in the (Lai and Yang 2002, (L-Y)) paper is different from the introduction
of urban production in Sasaki (1998)”; and (2) the “treatment of public good in the (L-Y) paper is strange,” because the public
good provided by owner-residents is only consumed by renter-residents. This reply shows that (1) the agglomeration effect
in the L-Y model catches the key results of urban production presented in Sasaki's model; and (2) both renter and owner-residents
consuming the public good have been developed in this reply. However, the major conclusions of the L-Y model are still hold.
Received: February 2001/Accepted: September 2001 相似文献
14.
V. M. Margolin 《Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering》1998,35(4-5):144-149
A method is presented for calculation of the basic parameters of an anti-seepage “wall” with allowance for the initial filtration
gradient of the filler material. The case of plane-radial seepage through a contour “wall” of the perfect and imperfect type,
which is constructed by various modifications of the “wall-in-the-ground” method and using kinematic jet energy, is discussed.
Computational analytical relationships and working equations for a number of special cases are derived in general form for
the schemes under consideration. A software package, which makes it possible to make a rational projection of structural parameters
of the “wall” and determine the position of the depression curve ahead of the “wall,” is developed.
Translated from Osnovaniya, Fundamenty i Mekhanika Gruntov, Nos. 4–5, pp. 37–42, July–October, 1998. 相似文献
15.
The city in South Africa has “been forced to engage in serious soul-searching about their role in a new political order while
facing up to complex and dynamic global economic forces” (Hall and Robbins, 2002, p. 43) 相似文献
16.
H. Shelton Brown 《The Annals of Regional Science》2002,36(2):181-196
In many urban areas, time costs or wages vary between neighborhoods, but there is little wage variation within a given neighborhood. Neighborhoods are often labelled “working class,”“middle class,” or even “wealthy.” For this reason,
there are many efficiency and distributional issues related to location because location largely determines access costs.
Congestion also affects time costs and access. Many public policies are geared towards improving access for households in
low-wage neighborhoods. Public facilities are built; some firms receive nonprofit status. In order to evaluate these policies,
normative theory is needed. This paper develops theory on the optimal placement of facilities and their congestion prices
in urban areas with wage variation between neighborhoods. The results show that optimal locations and prices depend on the
extent of wage inequality.
Received: February 2001/Accepted: September 2001 相似文献
17.
Börje Johansson 《The Annals of Regional Science》1998,32(3):295-298
A jubilee often triggers backward-oriented reflections, sometimes nostalgic. A jubilee can also be used as an excuse for
looking forward. This special issue is composed in honour of ?ke E. Andersson, delayed in the sense that the anniversary (60
years) dates back to 1996. The contributions to this volume have also gone through a maturing process in the form of reviews
and revisions. The contributions are organised in three thematic groups. The themes appear in the sequence “Evolution”, “Welfare”,
and “Interaction”. 相似文献
18.
The main aim of this paper is to provide a theoretical background and empirical evidence on the importance of the cultural
sector for competitiveness and development of the regional economy. It is argued that the fall of barriers to trade and the
movement of capital and labor in the European Single Market will result in a transformation of the forces shaping its spatial
structure. Consequently, the theory of international trade looses its capacity to explain the volume and structure of exchange
between regions, which are or belong to different states within the European Union. On the other hand, the theory of spatial
distribution of economic activities becomes increasingly relevant for explaining movements of the factors of production and
patterns of interregional specialisation.
Based on a case study, the paper analyses the influence of “soft” location factors, in particular cultural activities, on
the competitive position of producers located in different urban regions. The “cultural multiplier” approach is used to measure
direct income flows resulting from such activities while the concept of externalities is employed to analyse the indirect
effects.
Received: March 1997/Accepted: July 1998 相似文献
19.
Regional development of employment in eastern Germany: an analysis with an econometric analogue to shift-share techniques 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
We extend in this analysis an approach introduced by Patterson and suggested by M?ller and Tassinopoulos. Our approach uses
a generalization of an econometric analogue of the common shift-share method, suggested here as a new “workhorse” for regional
analyses. The results obtained with this shift-share-regression, and with very differentiated data from the employment statistics
of eastern Germany, show that processes of deconcentration play a role in explaining regional disparities, since inverse localization
and positive urbanization effects are visible. The relevant processes can be understood by implementing approaches of “new
economic geography”, structural change and endogenous growth theory. 相似文献
20.
A well-formed spatial model should most likely not produce spatial autocorrelation at all. From this perspective spatial autocorrelation
is not (pure) statistical nuisance but a sign of that a model lacks a representation of an important economic phenomenon.
In a Knowledge Production Function (KPF) context, this paper shows that a representation of space reflecting the potential
of physical interaction between localities by means of accessibility variables on the “right-hand-side”—a simple alternative
to spatial lag and spatial error which can be estimated by OLS—captures substantive spatial dependence. Results are verified
with Monte Carlo simulations based on Anselin’s (Int Reg Sci Rev 26(2):153–166, 2003) taxonomy of modelled and unmodelled
effects. The analysis demonstrates that an accessibility representation of explanatory variables depict the network nature
of spatial interaction, such that spatial dependence is actually modelled. 相似文献