This paper examines the apparent limits, possible extensions, and applications of CMOS technology in the nanometer regime. Starting from device scaling theory and current industry projections, we analyze the achievable performance and possible limits of CMOS technology from the point of view of device physics, device technology, and power consumption. Various possible extensions to the basic logic and memory devices are reviewed, with emphasis on novel devices that are structurally distinct front conventional bulk CMOS logic and memory devices. Possible applications of nanoscale CMOS are examined, with a view to better defining the likely capabilities of future microelectronic systems. This analysis covers both data processing applications and nondata processing applications such as RF and imaging. Finally, we speculate on the future of CMOS for the coming 15-20 years 相似文献
Electric utilities require reliable data communications for power system control, operations, and maintenance. Utilities are among the largest users of data and, it has been said, the largest users of real-time data. In recent years, there has been an effort to apply the emerging technology of data communication networking to utility applications for real-time data exchange. Emphasis in this paper is placed on techniques for modeling communication requirements and planning the development of an inter-system communications network to support power applications. We will also review where the industry is today with regard to link installations and protocol development. 相似文献
The implementation of software for embedded digital signal processing (DSP) applications is an extremely complex process. The complexity arises from escalating functionality in the applications; intense time-to-market pressures; and stringent cost, power and speed constraints. To help cope with such complexity, DSP system designers have increasingly been employing high-level, graphical design environments in which system specification is based on hierarchical dataflow graphs. Consequently, a significant industry has emerged for the development of data-flow-based DSP design environments. Leading products in this industry include SPW from Cadence, COSSAP from Synopsys, ADS from Hewlett Packard, and DSP Station from Mentor Graphics. This paper reviews a set of algorithms for compiling dataflow programs for embedded DSP applications into efficient implementations on programmable digital signal processors. The algorithms focus primarily on the minimization of code size, and the minimization of the memory required for the buffers that implement the communication channels in the input dataflow graph. These are critical problems because programmable digital signal processors have very limited amounts of on-chip memory, and the speed, power, and cost penalties for using off-chip memory are often prohibitively high for embedded applications. Furthermore, memory demands of applications are increasing at a significantly higher rate than the rate of increase in on-chip memory capacity offered by improved integrated circuit technology. 相似文献
During the first twelve years of their existence, microprocessors have evolved at a dramatic pace in terms of numbers, technology, power, functionality, and applications. This paper begins with a technical explanation of key microprocessor specifications. Four generations of microprocessors are considered in detail, along with case studies of popular chip families. Special-purpose processors, software issues, and performance evaluation techniques are other areas of discussion. Overall industry trends are presented. 相似文献
A design for low power consumption inspection instrument, in which the ATMega32L is used as the control core, is presented. The reader with wireless identification based on RF technology is researched and the low-cost power is studied particularly. This instrument can be used in industry fields to measure temperature, humidity, gas concentration and other specifications, so it has wide applications and is worth to be extended. 相似文献
This paper presents systematic techniques to find low-power high-performance superscalar processors tailored to specific user applications. The model of power is novel because it separates power into architectural and technology components. The architectural component is found via trace-driven simulation, which also produces performance estimates. An example technology model is presented that estimates the technology component, along with critical delay time and real estate usage. This model is based on case studies of actual designs. It is used to solve an important problem: decreasing power consumption in a superscalar processor without greatly impacting performance. Results are presented from runs using simulated annealing to reduce power consumption subject to performance reduction bounds. The major contributions of this paper are the separation of architectural and technology components of dynamic power the use of trace-driven simulation for architectural power measurement, and the use of a near-optimal search to tailor a processor design to a benchmark 相似文献
What is claimed to be the industry’s first 90W c-band GaAs field effect transistor (GaAs FET) suitable for use in solid-state power amplifiers (SSPA) for base station or earth-station satcom and radar applications, as well as for microwave digital radios for terrestrial communications, has been released by Toshiba America Electronic Components Inc. Using TAEC’s HFET process technology, the TIM5964-90SL GaAs FET employs ion plantation technology to produce an output power of 49.5dBm at a frequency range of 5.9GHz to 6.4GHz. and is priced at around $1,500 each.This is a short news story only. Visit www.three-fives.com for the latest advanced semiconductor industry news. 相似文献
This paper presents a review of the state of the art of power electronics technology in both industrial and traction drive application. Key development trends include the dominance of AC adjustable-speed drives in new applications, with the squirrel-cage induction machine as the preferred machine in most cases. Particularly striking has been the rapid ascendance of the insulated-gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) as the predominant power switch in both industrial and traction applications ranging from fractional kilowatts to multimegawatts. Key current issues such as industrial drive input power quality and the effects of fast IGBT switching transients on the machines and electromagnetic interference (EMI) production are reviewed. Developments in electric traction for both rail and road vehicles are discussed, including the increasing modularity of new traction inverters in all sizes and the market introduction of new hybrid vehicles using advanced power electronics. The paper concludes with a discussion of expected future trends in power electronics technology that will likely expand the markets for industrial and traction drives during coming years 相似文献
In communication industry one of the most rapidly growing area is wireless technology and its applications. The efficient access to radio spectrum is a requirement to make this communication feasible for the users that are running multimedia applications and establishing real-time connections on an already overcrowded spectrum. In recent times cognitive radios (CR) are becoming the prime candidates for improved utilization of available spectrum. The unlicensed secondary users share the spectrum with primary licensed user in such manners that the interference at the primary user does not increase from a predefined threshold. In this paper, we propose an algorithm to address the power control problem for CR networks. The proposed solution models the wireless system with a non-cooperative game, in which each player maximize its utility in a competitive environment. The simulation results shows that the proposed algorithm improves the performance of the network in terms of high SINR and low power consumption.
While energy storage technologies do not represent energy sources, they provide valuable added benefits to improve stability power quality, and reliability of supply. Battery technologies have improved significantly in order to meet the challenges of practical electric vehicles and utility applications. Flywheel technologies are now used in advanced nonpolluting uninterruptible power supplies. Advanced capacitors are being considered as energy storage for power quality applications. Superconducting energy storage systems are still in their prototype stages but receiving attention for utility applications. The latest technology developments, some performance analysis, and cost considerations are addressed. This paper concentrates on the performance benefits of adding energy storage to power electronic compensators for utility applications 相似文献
This paper provides an introduction to silicon-on-insulator (SOI) technology and the operating principles of high-voltage SOI devices, reviews the performance of the available SOI switching devices in comparison with standard silicon devices, discusses the reasoning behind the use of SOI technology in power applications and covers the most advanced novel power SOI devices proposed to date. The impact of SOI technology on power integrated circuits (PICs) and the problems associated with the integration of high-voltage and low-voltage CMOS are also analysed 相似文献
This paper presents, in a tutorial fashion, the important features of multimedia technology. The specific areas addressed are multimedia and compression standards, computer networks, multimedia transport, and some specific applications employed by industry to date. Multimedia and the effective and efficient communication of multimedia using compression and networks are fused together in this tutorial in an attempt to demonstrate the tight coupling which exists between these two interrelated technologies. First, the techniques and properties inherent in both multimedia and compression standards are presented. Then, the important characteristics of the major local and wide area networks are summarized. Next, the communication techniques for the transport of video and video conferencing are discussed. The new strategies employed to connect homes through cable TV and the telephone companies, as well as the new Ethernet technologies, are also described. Finally, some modern applications of multimedia communication derived from the automotive industry are used to describe the use of this technology in design, manufacturing, and sales 相似文献
This paper surveys recent research on CMOS low voltage and low power IC designs for wireless applications. Advancements and
challenges in using nanometer IC processes are addressed, and the impacts of device scaling on wireless systems are discussed.
Recent advances in device technologies and system architectures are presented. State-of-the-art low power wireless systems,
both from academia and from industry, are summarized. Circuit design techniques and challenges for low voltage and low power
applications are discussed, along with RF performance and power trade-offs. Examples of common RF building blocks, e.g. LNA's
and VCO's, designed for sub-1V power supplies are presented. 相似文献
The last decade has seen GaAs HBTs emerge as the dominant technology in wireless handset power amplifiers. Modern application requirements and size limitations have driven industry leaders towards the co-integration of depletion mode n-FET and GaAs HBT. The merger of Bipolar and FET, or BiFET, gives an additional degree of freedom in the design of advanced power amplifiers independent of a silicon controller. This paper provides an overview of the various techniques that can be used to join the two device technologies and then shows how a merged epitaxial structure, where an FET is formed in the emitter layers of an HBT, combines functional versatility with the high volume manufacturability needed to supply millions of power amplifiers at low cost. A large-signal model of the FET structure is developed which takes into account the unique physics and geometries of the device, including voltage-dependant parameters and charges on all four electrical terminals. Specific handset applications that can benefit or be enabled by BiFET are presented, such as on-off switching, low voltage bias controllers , Auto-Bias power amplifiers, and bias circuits with low or no voltage reference. When npn-only bias circuitry is limited to low voltage reference levels, HBT power amplifiers with BiFET bias stages are shown to have superior RF performance to their npn-only counterparts. 相似文献