Inefficiency of storm water inlets as a source of urban floods.

The paper attempts to explain sources of surplus storm water runoff in urban areas, particularly in relation with functioning of inlets. Inlet capacity (quantity of captured water) and inlet efficiency (portion of the approaching flow rate) have been defined and their relationship with relevant parameters (approaching flow, longitudinal and lateral street slopes) was established through laboratory measurements. Effects of clogging of inlets on inlet capacity were also investigated in laboratory conditions. As a consequence of decreased inlet efficiency, there is a portion of approaching flow that is not captured by the inlet (pass-over flow). If the pass-over flow is considered along a street having numerous inlets, it is easy to estimate the quantity of flow that would accumulate on the pavement. Inlet inefficiency can be significant when overestimation of inlet capacity results in increased distance between consecutive inlets, and when clogging of grates or inadequate placing of inlets causes significant decrease in inlet capacity.     

Numerical simulation of shallow-water flooding using a two-dimensional finite volume model

A 2-D Finite Volume Model (FVM) is developed for shallow water flows over a complex topography with wetting and drying processes. The numerical fluxes are computed using the Harten, Lax, and van Leer (HLL) approximate Riemann solver. Second-order accuracy is achieved by employing the MUSCL reconstruction method with a slope limiter in space and an explicit two-stage Runge-Kutta method for time integration. A simple and efficient method is introduced to deal with the wetting and drying processes without any correction of the numerical flux term or the source term. In this new method, a switch of alternative schemes is used to compute the water depths at the cell interface to obtain the numerical flux. The model is verified against benchmark tests with analytical solutions and laboratory experimental data. The numerical results show that the model can simulate different types of flood waves from the ideal flood wave to cases over complex terrains. The satisfactory performance indicates an extensive application prospect of the present model in view of its simplicity and effectiveness.     

基于GIS 的流域水质模拟及可视化应用研究

为探讨基于地理信息系统(GIS)的流域水质模拟方法,以宁波市皎口水库流域为例,应用Arc GIS的水文分析模块和空间分辨率为5 m的数字高程模型(DEM)生成研究区流域水系及各级汇水边界,并将流域水系划分为168个水质模拟单元。根据调查统计及实验方法获得流域污染负荷、径流量、河道水力参数、水质参数和边界浓度,并建立相应的地理信息数据库及水文水环境属性数据库。通过集成水质模型(WASP)与GIS的空间分析功能,对流域水质时空变化特征进行模拟,并利用Arc GIS实现水质模拟结果的可视化表达和统计分析。结果显示:6个监测点的高锰酸盐指数、氨氮、总氮及总磷的模拟浓度与实测值的平均相对偏差分别为10.4%、18.7%、17.4%和19.9%,水库闸前监测点高锰酸盐指数逐日模拟值与实测值的平均相对偏差为7.5%,氨氮为13.3%,总氮为8.6%,总磷为18.6%,模拟浓度与实际监测值的总体趋势相符。研究表明,基于GIS的水质模拟方法能够应用于流域尺度水质时空分布规律的研究,利用GIS对模拟结果进行空间表达及统计分析为皎口水库流域水环境保护与污染控制决策提供了科学依据。     

基于SWMM模型的沿海城市内涝模拟研究

沿海地区台风过境时的短历时强降雨可迅速形成地表径流,易导致城市内涝,造成严重的经济损失和人员伤亡。为缓解该问题,本文以福州晋安河流域为例,构建了基于SWMM管网和地面二维积水的城市内涝模拟模型,以研究该区域城市内涝成因及应对策略。实例研究表明,上游库湖泄水抬高内河水位,下游外江涨潮使内河排水不畅,是形成内涝灾害的主要原因。为此提出库湖闸站联合错峰调度方案,有效防止下游江水倒灌。以苏迪罗台风降雨为例,采用该调度方案可减少管网节点溢流量27.44%,缩小淹没面积29.73%,降低内涝严重区河道最高水位1.02 m,有效缓解地表淹没。本研究成果可为福州城市内涝的科学调度提供技术支撑,同时对其他沿海城市的防洪调度具有参考价值。     

EFDC模型在三白荡二维水流数值模拟中的应用

阐述环境流体动力学模型(EFDC)的基本原理,结合苏州市吴江区三白荡的具体情况建立水流模型,讨论模型参数的设计、预测方案的选取,并对模拟结果做出具体的分析.分析结果显示,模型对三白荡的水流模拟具有较强的实用性,与实物资料吻合较好,不仅反映了湖泊的水流联系情况,而且显示了湖泊岸线受风浪侵蚀、出入湖水量分配情况.模型为湖泊...     

Numerical simulation of a two-dimensional flapping wing in advanced mode

A two-dimensional model is built to describe the translation and the rotation of the hovering flapping movement. The equations of motion are derived for insect's flapping movement, and the model is implemented by the computational fluid dynamics(CFD) software FLUENT and it?s user defined function(UDF). It is shown that the lift coefficient changes slowly in the intermediate stage, there are two areas in which the lift coefficient changes dramatically, and the drag coefficient behaves quite differently when flapping up and down. The vortex distribution, the pressure distribution, and the velocity vector distribution in the advanced mode at different times follow quite various rules.     

城市屋顶降雨径流过程单位线模型研究

城市屋顶按透水性质可分为不透水与绿色(渗透)屋顶.对于绿色屋顶,基于土壤水饱和下渗理论,考虑基质土壤层厚度有限性及表面积水深影响,推导建立了降雨径流过程的单位线模型,再联合不透水屋顶降雨径流过程单位线模型,共同构成城市屋顶降雨径流过程的单位线模型,并建立了统一的数学方程表达形式,参数包括响应速率与径流(产流)起始时间....     

城市洪涝仿真模型的改进与应用

已有的城市洪涝仿真模型以一、二维非恒定流水力学模型为基础,采用无结构不规则网格建模技术,在网格形心或特殊型节点处计算水位,在网格周边通道上计算单宽流量,对城市洪涝过程进行模拟。针对该模型对河道型计算单元的断面仅按矩形概化的缺点,对河道型网格水位及特殊型河道通道流量的算法进行了改进,即将原模型中的河道断面相关参数作为变量处理,使模型能反映不同类型河道断面的水位流量变化,提高对河道洪水过程的模拟精度。同时,改进后的算法更有利于模型根据城市河道的实际治理状况进行及时更新和扩展。将改进后的模型应用于济南市,其计算结果与实测资料对比表明,该模型能更合理地模拟济南市城区低洼地积水、街道行洪、铁路立交积水和河道洪水过程,计算可为济南市城区防汛预警决策提供参考信息。     

Numerical simulation of flow and bed morphology in the case of dam break floods with vegetation effect

The purpose of this study is to establish a depth-averaged 2-D hydrodynamic and sediment transport model for the dambreak flows with vegetation effect. The generalized shallow water equations are solved using an explicit finite volume method with unstructured quadtree rectangular grid, and in the hydrodynamic model, a Harten-Lax-Van Leer(HLL) approximate Riemann solver is used to calculate the intercell flux for capturing the dry-to-wet moving boundary. The sediment transport and bed variation equations in a coupled fashion are calculated by including the bed variation and the variable flow density in the flow continuity and momentum equations. The drag force of vegetation is modeled as the sink terms in the momentum equations. The developed model is tested against lab experiments of the dam-break flows over a fix bed and a movable bed in vegetated and non-vegetated channels. The results are compared with experimental data, and good agreement is obtained. It is shown that the reduced velocity under vegetated conditions leads to a decrease of the peak discharge and a rise of the water level of rivers and also an enhancement of the sediment deposition.     

The effect of climate change on urban drainage: an evaluation based on regional climate model simulation.

That we are in a period of extraordinary rates of climate change is today evident. These climate changes are likely to impact local weather conditions with direct impacts on precipitation patterns and urban drainage. In recent years several studies have focused on revealing the nature, extent and consequences of climate change on urban drainage and urban runoff pollution issues. This study uses predictions from a regional climate model to look at the effects of climate change on extreme precipitation events. Results are presented in terms of point rainfall extremes. The analysis involves three steps: Firstly, hourly rainfall intensities from 16 point rain gauges are averaged to create a rain gauge equivalent intensity for a 25 x 25 km square corresponding to one grid cell in the climate model. Secondly, the differences between present and future in the climate model is used to project the hourly extreme statistics of the rain gauge surface into the future. Thirdly, the future extremes of the square surface area are downscaled to give point rainfall extremes of the future. The results and conclusions rely heavily on the regional model's suitability in describing extremes at timescales relevant to urban drainage. However, in spite of these uncertainties, and others raised in the discussion, the tendency is clear: extreme precipitation events effecting urban drainage and causing flooding will become more frequent as a result of climate change.     

Two-phase SPH simulation of vertical water entry of a two-dimensional structure

In view of the fact that the SPH model is easy to handle the flows with the free surface of large deformation, a 2-D flow induced by vertical water entry of a 2-D structure is simulated using the two-phase SPH model. The local pressure of the boundary particles is obtained by pressure of the fluid particles nearby through a modified kernel approximation. To evaluate the accuracy of the method, water entry of a 2-D symmetric wedge with fixed separation point of the free surface on the wedge surface is simulated. The pressure distribution of the wedge at the initial stage agrees well with the analytical results available. Evolution of the free surface and the air flow in the cavity induced by the water entry are obtained. A higher speed air jet is found at the neck of the cavity when the neck of the cavity becomes smaller. For the case of a horizontal cylinder entering the water with an unknown separation point of flow on the model surface, the early stage of the water entry is simulated for the rigid body with different density. Evolution of the free surface deformation of the half-buoyant cylinder and neutrally buoyant cylinder water entry is compared with the experimental data. The effects of the density ratio and Froude number on the pinch-off of the cavity are discussed. It is found that the pinch-off time remains almost constant for different density ratio and Froude number. Meanwhile, for a given Froude number, the dimensionless pinch-off depth and the location of the cylinder at the time of pinch-off increase with the density ratio. Further, for a given density ratio, these two parameters increase with the Froude number and, however, the relative cavity shape appears to be a self-similar shape when Fr ?8.35.     

二元单叶片泵内部流动的数值模拟

本文对单流道泵的物理模型进行简化,建立了二元单叶片泵内部流动解析的数学模型,采用势流边界元解法,数值模拟了泵内流动,并计算出单叶片泵的水功率,与试验结果进行比较,间接证明了计算方法的可行性。     

Automatic calibration of urban drainage model using a novel multi-objective genetic algorithm.

In order to successfully calibrate an urban drainage model, multiple calibration criteria should be considered. This raises the issue of adopting a method for comparing different solutions (parameter sets) according to a set of objectives. Amongst the global optimization techniques that have blossomed in recent years, Multi Objective Genetic Algorithms (MOGA) have proved effective in numerous engineering applications, including sewer network modelling. Most of the techniques rely on the condition of Pareto efficiency to compare different solutions. However, as the number of criteria increases, the ratio of Pareto optimal to feasible solutions increases as well. The pitfalls are twofold: the efficiency of the genetic algorithm search worsens and decision makers are presented with an overwhelming number of equally optimal solutions. This paper proposes a new MOGA, the Preference Ordering Genetic Algorithm, which alleviates the drawbacks of conventional Pareto-based methods. The efficacy of the algorithm is demonstrated on the calibration of a physically-based, distributed sewer network model and the results are compared with those obtained by NSGA-II, a widely used MOGA.     

Hydrological daily rainfall-runoff simulation with BTOPMC model and comparison with Xin'anjiang model

A grid-based distributed hydrological model, the Block-wise use of TOPMODEL (BTOPMC), which was developed from the original TOPMODEL, was used for hydrological daily rainfall-runoff simulation. In the BTOPMC model, the runoff is explicitly calculated on a cell-by-cell basis, and the Muskingum-Cunge flow concentration method is used. In order to test the model's applicability, the BTOPMC model and the Xin'anjiang model were applied to the simulation of a humid watershed and a semi-humid to semi-arid watershed in China. The model parameters were optimized with the Shuffle Complex Evolution (SCE-UA) method. Results show that both models can effectively simulate the daily hydrograph in humid watersheds, but that the BTOPMC model performs poorly in semi-humid to semi-arid watersheds. The excess-infiltration mechanism should be incorporated into the BTOPMC model to broaden the model's applicability.     

Application of WetSpa model for assessing land use impacts on floods in the Margecany-Hornad watershed, Slovakia.

The spatially distributed hydrologic model WetSpa combines elevation, soil and land use data within GIS, to predict flood hydrographs and spatial distribution of hydrologic characteristics in a watershed. The model is applied to the Margecany-Hornad river basin (1131 km2) in Slovakia. Daily hydrometeorological data from 1991-2000, including precipitation data from nine stations, temperature data from four stations and evaporation data measured at one station are used as input to the model. Three base maps, i.e. DEM, land use and soil type are prepared in GIS form, using 100 x 100 m cell size. Results of the simulations show good agreement between calculated and measured hydrographs. The model predicts the daily/hourly hydrographs with 75-80% accuracy according to the Nash-Sutcliff criteria. For assessing the impact of land use changes on floods, the calibrated model is applied for a reforestation scenario, which considers a 50% increase of forest areas. The model results show that the reforestation scenario decreases the peak discharge by 12%. Investigation of peak discharges from the whole simulation period, shows that the scenario results are reduced by 18% on average, while for small discharges the reduction is even about 34%. The time to peak of the simulated hydrograph of the reforestation scenario is 20 hours longer than for the present land use.     

Development of a distributed hydrological model based on urban databanks--production processes of URBS.

The objective of this study is to present a distributed hydrological model especially dedicated to urban catchments, and able to represent hydrological processes usually neglected in urban modelling, such as evapotranspiration, infiltration in roads, or direct infiltration of soil water in sewers. This model, called URBS (as Urban Runoff Branching Structure) is distributed considering the spatial variability of land use which is well known thanks to urban databanks managed by GIS. The production function is detailed at each cadastral parcel scale, and the runoff produced is routed by a simple transfer function. The estimation of the input parameters of the model is mostly based on physical considerations, and the model is applied on a suburban catchment in Nantes (France) in order to evaluate the interest of the distribution of the hydrological variables.     

Rating method for evaluating distribution-system odors compared with a control.

A new sensory method was developed and tested at a full-scale water treatment plant. The method evaluates changes in aesthetic water quality during transit in the distribution system. A paired comparison format is used to determine if the odor of a distribution-system sample is different from that of a control sample. The control sample represents the "ideal" water, such as treated water leaving the plant. The method can rapidly determine whether or not a problem exists in the distribution system, and, if one does exist, it allows for characterization of the problem. Over a three-month period a 4-member odor panel evaluated 118 distribution samples by this new procedure. Among the 118 samples tested, 39 samples yielded a consensus among the analysts as to the odor characteristics of the sample; 35 were rated "not different from the control" (about 90%), and only 4 were rated "different from control" (about 10%). The 79 samples for which no consensus was generated had only slight rating differences between analysts and for odor intensity. No taste-and-odor problems were reported by consumers during the time period for this study and the method indicated that no major odor problems existed in the distribution system.     

Use of comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography for the broad screening of hazardous contaminants in urban wastewaters.

The list of priority chemicals included in various regulations such as the European Water Framework Directive, as well as the list of hazardous contaminants identified in the aquatic environment, are increasing at an accelerated pace. Therefore, there is a need for broad spectrum methods capable of simultaneously determining hundreds, if not thousands, of contaminants. For the analysis of non-polar or semi-polar contaminants, comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC x GC) is more powerful than conventional gas chromatography thanks to a separation on two different stationary phases. This paper reports the use of GC x GC for a broad screening of hazardous contaminants in an urban wastewater plant. Comparison between the raw and treated wastewater has been carried out using a semi-quantitative approach. A variety of drugs, personal care products, pesticides, carcinogens and compounds toxic for reproduction, were identified. Most of these compounds were removed or decreased by this wastewater treatment plant. Preliminary results from this single plant will need to be confirmed by a more extensive study before drawing conclusions on the removal efficiency of 2D-GC amenable compounds.     

一维稳态河流水质的计算机模拟

以黄河兰州段为例，根据河道及排污的特点采用一维稳态河流水质模型，利用计算机对岸边19个污水排放口及共约32．9km长的全河段水质进行模拟计算，模拟的结果直观地反映了河段的污染状况，为保护和利用黄河水质及政府部门的决策提供一定的科学依据。