Analysis of magnetic bearing using inductive levitation by relative motion between magnet and conductor

In chemical plants, an anticorrosion magnetic drive pump is commonly used to deliver corrosive chemical liquids because of its high anticorrosion performance. However, when bubbles enter the chemical pump and accumulate between the shaft and the bearing, the shaft is often broken by thermal shock. The magnetic bearing which holds the rotor in noncontact has the advantage of avoiding thermal shock and keeping the rotor in a stable state by restoring force induced from the eddy current in the conductor. A model of magnetic bearing was analyzed using the three‐dimensional finite element method. In this model, a restoring force of 68.6 N and a braking torque of 8.7 N‐m were found. The locus of the rotation axis was also estimated using a radial load and a drag coefficient. The rotor may be located inside the movable range. ©2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 166(4): 80–87, 2009; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.20652     

Proposal of permanent magnet repulsive maglev transportation system: possibility of automobile with magnetic levitation

This paper describes a maglev transportation system for automobiles. The track is an array of permanent magnet blocks, and the levitating body is the bedplate which consists of permanent magnet plates, propulsion coils, levitation coils, and guidance coils. The feature of this system is that an automobile equipped with the bedplate is free to approach into the track or to swerve from the track by using four wheels with the lift. The force acting on the levitating body is calculated on the assumption that each permanent magnet can be expressed as a surface current. From the calculation results, it is proven that an automobile of 4.35 m length, 1.8 m width, and 1700 kg weight can run at a speed of 500 km/h against the air resistance force of 3704 N on the condition that the battery has an output of 337.5 V and a capacity of 190 Ah. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 159(3): 65– 76, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.20491     

Experimental study of a PM-HTSC hybrid magnetic levitation system

A principle of hybrid magnetic levitation system using permanent magnets (PMs) and high-temperature superconductors (HTSCs) for a linear-motor-type carrier system in a high-quality clean room and a magnetic bearing for the flywheel energy storage system are discussed. A substantial levitation force was generated by the repulsive force between like poles of coupled magnets. However, the repulsion system with magnets is essentially unstable without control. Thus, HTSCs are applied for control elements of the PM-HTSC hybrid magnetic levitation system. In this system, the levitation force becomes stronger than in the system without PM, and we can expect sandwich-type magnetic bearing capable of sustaining greater force.     

Three‐dimensional vibration characteristics of the permanent magnet–HTSC magnetic bearing

The three‐dimensional vibration of the rotor in a permanent magnet– HTSC magnetic bearing system is studied. We have developed a magnetic bearing system which can revolve at up to 12,000 rpm, and three‐dimensional vibration of the rotor is measured with laser displacement sensors. To consider the rotor vibration in a mechanical resonance state, the static lateral and vertical pinning forces of the magnetic bearing are measured. The results are used to obtain the resonant frequency. There are two factors in the mechanical resonance caused by the magnetic bearing. One is the lateral equivalent spring coefficient and the other is the vertical equivalent spring coefficient. The influence of mechanical resonance caused by the lateral spring coefficient is large, and that of the vertical one is small. The three‐dimensional vibration of the rotor position around the mechanical resonant frequency is measured. Because the revolution of the rotor increases the lateral force to the center, the resonant frequency obtained in a free revolution experiment is larger than that obtained from pinning force measurement. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 165(3): 58–64, 2008; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.20586     

Magnetic characteristics analysis of permanent magnet motor by using complex approximation taking account of two‐dimensional magnetic properties

This paper presents a complex E&S modeling approach, which is developed with a complex approximation for conventional E&S modeling. Complex E&S modeling is used to analyze a permanent magnet motor and the validity of complex E&S modeling is demonstrated. The computation time of complex E&S modeling can be considerably reduced in comparison with conventional E&S modeling. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 180(2): 9–16, 2012; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.21268     

Hanging‐type mag‐lev system with permanent magnet motion control

A type of mag‐lev system with permanent magnet motion control is proposed, analyzed, and examined experimentally. In this mag‐lev system, the levitating object hangs on the upper iron rail and such parts as magnets, sensors, and actuators are installed on the object. This levitation method is very useful for noncontact conveyance systems, because the conveyance path is very easy to make. This paper describes the success of the construction of the hanging‐type magnetic levitation system using magnet motion control mechanism. © 2000 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 133(3): 63–70, 2000     

混合磁悬浮球系统吸引子及稳定性研究

为了避免磁悬浮球混沌运动,设计了永磁和电磁混合型磁悬浮球模型,推导了磁悬浮球的动力学方程,并建立了磁悬浮球系统的仿真模型.通过改变初始状态,得到不同初始条件下的磁悬浮球系统吸引子.混合型磁悬浮球系统具有单、双两类吸引子,双吸引子表现出较强的混沌特性,磁悬浮球围绕平衡点附近的波动较大,磁悬浮球由混沌运动状态向非混沌运动状态转变时,由双吸引子逐渐向单吸引子过渡,系统演变为具有周期特性的运动状态,再演变为相轨迹收敛于一个点,磁悬浮球处于较稳定的运动状态.仿真和实验结果表明,通过磁悬浮球吸引子的研究可了解混沌产生的初始区间,进而为设计中避开混沌区实现磁悬浮球的稳定运动提供了参考依据.     

Power maximization control of variable‐speed wind generation system using permanent magnet synchronous generator

This paper proposes sensorless output power maximization control of a wind generation system. A permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) is used as a variable speed generator in the proposed system. The generator torque is suitably controlled according to the generator speed and thus the power from a wind turbine settles down on the maximum power point by the proposed MPPT control method, where the information on wind velocity is not required. Moreover, the maximum available generated power is obtained by the optimum current vector control. The current vector of PMSG is optimally controlled according to the generator speed and the required torque in order to minimize the losses of PMSG considering the voltage and current constraints. The proposed wind power generation system can be achieved without mechanical sensors such as wind velocity detector and a position sensor. Several experimental results show the effectiveness of the proposed control method. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 150(2): 11–19, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.20043     

Relationship between magnetic poles and characteristics of revolving permanent‐magnet type magnet wheels

The authors earlier proposed a revolving permanent‐magnet type wheel called the “magnet wheel,” which has the functions of both induction repulsive magnetic levitation and thrust. In this paper, the relationship between magnetic poles and lift force or thrust characteristics is examined to investigate the performance. Five types of magnet wheels are discussed in an experimental study and four more types are used in a theoretical study with three‐dimensional numerical analysis. The following parameters are considered: magnetomotive force (mmf) of a permanent magnet; thickness of the magnet in the magnetizing direction; total volume of magnets; fundamental factor; distortion factor of the space mmf distribution of poles; pole pitch; diameter of magnet wheel; mechanical clearance; and thickness and resistivity of conducting plate. The results show the following: 1. The lift force per unit of magnet volume is approximately proportional to the fundamental factor of the space mmf distribution of the poles. A low degree space harmonic mmf is effective in increasing lift force. 2. The driving power per unit of lift force is almost entirely independent of the configuration of the primary member, including pole arrangement and position relative to the secondary conducting plate, respectively, and depends only on the resistance of the conducting plate. 3. In both the “partial‐overlap type” and “tilt type” magnet wheels, many poles with sufficiently large pole pitch are useful. In the tilt type the use of a small tilt angle is desirable. © 1999 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 128(4): 111–120, 1999     

Simulation of variable‐speed wind generation system using boost converter of permanent magnet synchronous generator

This paper proposes a variable‐speed wind generation system using the boost converter. The proposed system has three speed control modes for the wind velocity. The control mode of low wind velocity regulates the armature current of the generator with the boost converter to control the speed of wind turbine. The control mode of middle wind velocity regulates the DC link voltage with the vector controlled inverter to control the speed of wind turbine. The control mode of high wind velocity regulates the pitch angle of the wind turbine with the pitch angle control system to control the speed of the wind turbine. The hybrid combination of three control modes extends the variable‐speed range. The proposed system simplifies maintenance, improves reliability, and reduces the costs compared with the variable‐speed wind generation system using a PWM converter. This paper describes the control strategy and modeling for a simulation of the proposed system using Simulink of Matlab. It also describes the control strategy and modeling of a variable‐speed wind generation system using a PWM converter. The steady state and transient responses for wind velocity changes are simulated using Matlab Simulink. This paper verifies the fundamental performance of the system using a boost converter by discussing the simulation results of both systems. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 169(4): 37–54, 2009; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.20902     

Compensation for neutral point potential in a three‐level inverter using motor currents of a permanent magnet synchronous motor and its characteristics

A three‐level inverter has several advantages of large capacity, large voltage, and low current waveform distortion. However, there is an important problem of neutral point potential variation in three‐level inverters. The variation causes an unbalance in the dc link voltage levels and current waveform distortion. In this paper, we propose a new method to control the neutral point potential. First, the neutral point potential variation in a three‐level inverter for permanent magnet synchronous motor drive is analyzed by state variable method and is calculated on the basis of the analytic results. Second, using the estimated value, proposed compensation for the variation can be done. Third, analytic and experimental results of the proposed method are compared with the results of feedforward compensation by simply adjusting the vector output intervals. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 139(4): 56–63, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.10033     

Magnetic characteristics of electromagnetic levitation system for short‐radius curve track

A magnetically levitated (MAGLEV) vehicle using electromagnets and iron rails generates lateral guiding force naturally by controlling levitation force to maintain the air gaps between the magnets and the iron rails. A MAGLEV system without guide magnets offers simple design and cost advantages. But such a system has little lateral damping force. In order to improve damping characteristics, an experimental apparatus using salient‐pole‐type magnets and laminated iron rails was made. The iron cores were placed in two rows. The suspension coils surrounded both of the magnet iron cores and the damping coils surrounded every magnet core separately. The damping coils were excited by currents proportional to the lateral displacement velocity. According to a step response experiment, the lateral motion dissipated after a cycle or two of the swing. The self‐inductance of the suspension coil of the magnet was almost unchanged against variation of the lateral displacement. The influence of damping current on the levitation was very small. This paper discusses the electromagnetic characteristics of the levitation system. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 156(3): 71–80, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.20372     

Reluctance control magnetic suspension system—suspension system with permanent magnet and linear actuator

A new type of magnetic suspension system is proposed which uses a permanent magnet. In this system, the attractive force is adjusted by controlling the reluctance of the magnetic circuit. Since no electromagnet is necessary, this system is effective for saving energy and avoiding heat generation. The composition of this paper is as follows. First, the principle of this suspension system is explained and various types of magnetic circuits are introduced for reluctance control. Second, the possibility of one of them is examined from the viewpoint of linear control theory. Third, an experimental device is developed based on the proposed suspension method. The reluctance of this device is controlled by the air gap which is between the magnet and the suspended object, and which is adjusted by driving a permanent magnet by piezoelectric actuator. Experimental results support the theoretical predictions well.     

混合励磁永磁电机齿谐波绕组特性计算与分析

为了在电机设计阶段把握混合励磁永磁同步发电机齿谐波绕组的空载和负载特性,应用电机理论定性分析了转子齿谐波电动势的产生机理及特点。根据其特点,提出了一种准确计算齿谐波绕组电动势波形的方法。应用该方法对一台齿谐波励磁的混合励磁永磁同步发电机的齿谐波绕组电压随励磁电流和电枢电流的变化分别进行了计算,并对其变化趋势进行了详细的分析。分析表明:齿谐波绕组特性与电枢绕组特性不同,其受磁路饱和影响较大。计算结果和实验结果的比较验证了计算方法的准确性以及理论分析的正确性。     

混合磁极式的混合励磁永磁同步发电机仿真

为了研究混合磁极式的混合励磁永磁同步发电机转子上既有永磁体、又有励磁绕组的运行性能,建立了混合磁极式的混合励磁永磁同步发电机的基本方程;根据该电机的转子结构及定子绕组的实际连接方式和空间分布情况,分析了模型中电感参数及永磁体在其他回路中产生的磁链的特点,并给出其表达式;采用有限元法计算各参数表达式中的系数,能准确考虑磁极形状及永磁体的作用,利用数值方法对该电机的性能进行仿真.在1台混合磁极式的混合励磁永磁同步发电机样机上进行了实验,仿真结果和实验结果吻合较好,验证了仿真模型的正确性和参数计算的准确性.     

周期永磁聚焦系统永磁环横向场降低方法

行波管周期永磁聚焦系统永磁环的横向场主要是由磁取向偏角引起的.为了减小磁取向偏角从而降低横向磁场,结合永磁聚焦系统的磁路结构及磁场分布,从成型工艺、加工工艺等方面探索了减小磁取向偏角的方法和措施,包括优化成型模具结构从而改善模腔取向场分布和磁环加工工艺.结果表明,这些措施在减小磁取向偏角从而抑制横向场方面具有较好效果,...     

H∞ control approach to a magnetic levitation system by 4-point attraction with nonlinear characteristics

An H_∞ control system design for a magnetic levitation system by 4 points attraction is presented. In the levitation system, a vehicle which runs as the secondary in a reluctance-type linear motor is levitated by four pairs of attraction forces and guided by two pairs of attraction forces. Because it has contactlessness, in the field of semiconductor products, its application is favorable for ultraclean environments in microscopic processing. In the control system design, the influence of both disturbances and uncertainties in the model is considered. The main disturbances stem from the position sensors. The uncertainties are divided into electromagnetic and mechanical ones: the former are due to the gain change in the current amplifier, the influence of leakage flux and linearization error in the magnetic circuit, and the latter are due to the changes of the mass and the moment of inertia of the vehicle. Therefore, the designed controller is indispensable to guarantee robustness of this system for both stability and performance. The controller design is based on the standard H_∞-optimal control problem. As the novel features in this paper, the low sensitivity and the robust stability for this system design is obtained. Further, there are two-poles on jω-axis in the controlled model, and an integrator is included in the controller so that equivalently there are three poles on the jω-axis in the model. Finally, several experiments, comparisons and simulations are carried out to verify the low sensitivity and robustness of the designed control system.     

自起动永磁电机在转子表层结构不对称条件下的堵转电流

为了研究转子表层磁路结构不对称对永磁电机堵转电流的影响,以一台22kW电机为例,利用时步有限元法,系统分析了计及表层磁路结构不对称及磁路附加饱和条件下的堵转电流特点.分析发现:当转子磁极d轴与某相绕组轴线重合时,该相电流有效值比其他两相高10%左右,且正负半波幅值相差接近10%.进一步揭示了转子表层结构不对称是导致三相堵转电流不对称的主要原因,而永磁体存在引起的附加饱和是导致堵转电流正负半波幅值不等的主要原因.通过堵转电流实测验证了分析的正确性.