城市轨道交通噪声及其控制研究

近年来,随着经济的发展,修建城市轨道交通已成为解决大城市交通问题的首要选择,但同时也给沿线的居民和建筑物带来了噪声的环境污染。在分析城市轨道交通的噪声产生机理和传播规律的基础上,提出相应的控制措施和途径,为解决城市轨道交通发展中的噪声环境问题提供参考。     

交通噪声对儿童影响的研究综述

作为城市最普遍存在的环境噪声,交通噪声对儿童的健康成长会产生负面影响。通过对13个国家67项实证研究的文献分析,发现交通噪声对儿童影响主要表现在以下三个方面:在身体健康方面,交通噪声影响儿童的听觉、睡眠和心率血压等;在认知能力方面,影响儿童的阅读表现、记忆力、数学能力、注意力等,但目前对各种认知能力的研究深入程度不一;在心理健康方面,交通噪声引发儿童烦恼、心理压力和行为问题。通过对文献的梳理与总结,发现目前的研究存在如下问题:评价指标各异,难以形成统一结论;相关因素众多,混淆变量干扰研究结论;研究范式不同,研究结论存在差异。基于问题提出相关对策:构建标准化指标体系与规范化研究范式;深入运用社会学方法,明确社会环境因素对儿童的影响;开展交通噪声与交通空气污染综合影响的研究,厘清后者对结论的混淆。     

香港启德机场噪声的情况及控制调查

香港启德机场位处繁忙闹市之中,跑道及飞机起降航空线下周围满布民居、学校和医院,对市区居住环境一直造成噪声污染,民不聊生.本文介绍了有关部门在近年对此问题负担了社会责任.在机场管理及深受噪声干扰正常操作的活动特别是中小学作出适当的抗声措施,并得到了初步的成绩.     

列车噪声及其控制

铁路列车沿轨道运行形成流动噪声源。列车噪声可分为车内噪声和车外噪声;车内噪声对旅客和司乘人员形成干扰,列车向外界辐射噪声是影响城市市区和铁路沿线居民聚集区环境声质量的重要因素之一。这种影响和干扰的程度取决于当地线路每昼夜列车通过次数、列车运行速度、列车类型及其牵引吨位、线路等     

风机噪声及其控制

风机是一种量大而广的产品,遍及人们工作和生活的周围,由于它具有大的噪声而成为恶化劳动条件,污染生活环境的主要声源之一,因而日益广泛引起人们对风机噪声及其控制研究的重视,本文仅介绍国外该领域的发展情况.一、风机噪声产生机理风机噪声的基础研究是对噪声产生机理的了解和分析.图1表示了风机噪声产生机理的概况.研究风机叶片气动噪声的气动声学的基础是依赖于 M.J.Lighthill(52年),N.Curle(55年),J.E.Ffows Williams和D.L.Hawkins(69年)发展起来的声学模拟.在声学模     

信号控制对交通噪声的影响分析

用实验方法测定三种不同车型单辆车在参考距离处的噪声排放量及加减速噪声修正值。然后结合微观交通仿真、车辆噪声排放量和传播衰减模型分别对信号控制下的间断流交通噪声和无控制的连续流交通噪声进行动态模拟。最后对两种不同交通流状况下的等效声级、噪声标准差、交通噪声指数和噪声的频数分布进行对比分析,得到两种不同交通流状况下交通噪声的若干重要差别。     

道路交叉口不同控制方式交通噪声预测

以不同行驶状态的机动车噪声排放模型为基础,对三种典型控制方式下的交叉口噪声进行预测研究。采用实验的方法分别对大、中、小型单辆车在怠速、匀速、加速、减速等各种行驶状态下的噪声值进行测定,通过回归分析得到不同行驶状态下的机动车噪声排放模型,并以某信号控制交叉口的实测数据为例,用计算机仿真的方法证明该模型对于交叉口噪声模拟的较高适用性。进而将该排放模型应用于信号控制、无信号控制以及环形等控制方式的交叉口进行噪声预测,通过不同交通流量时交叉口的平均噪声级以及噪声的分布情况等对比,得到各种控制方式下交叉口噪声的若干特点和区别。     

影响交通噪声的因素及控制对策

介绍了黄岩城区道路交通噪声污染的现状 ,对其成因及影响因素进行分析 ,并指出影响交通噪声的主要因素以及采取相应的降噪措施 ,使城区初步达到降噪的目的     

Multiple-vehicle traffic accidents in Hong Kong

‘Multiple-vehicle traffic accident’ refers to a crash between two or more moving objects. Unlike single-vehicle accidents, not all drivers involving in a multiple-vehicle accident are responsible for the occurrence of the event. Accordingly, variables such as road type, speed limit and number of vehicles involved in the accident are expected to play a much more important role in association with injury severity in multiple-vehicle accidents. To study the factors influencing injury severity of multiple-vehicle traffic accidents, a population-based study was conducted. The traffic accident data was obtained from the Traffic Accident Data System (TRADS), which was developed by the Transport Department, Police Force and Information Technology Services Department, Hong Kong. Multiple-vehicle traffic accidents (N = 10,630) occurring during the 2-year period 1999/2000 were considered. Potential risk factors such as district, human, vehicle, safety, environmental and site factors were examined. Categorizing injury severity into “fatal/serious” and “slight”, a stepwise logistic regression model was applied to the population data set. The district board, time of the accident, driver's gender, vehicle type, road type, speed limit and the number of vehicles involved are significant factors influencing the injury severity. Identification of risk factors for severe traffic accidents provides valuable information to help with new and improved road safety control measures.     

Contributory factors to traffic crashes at signalized intersections in Hong Kong

Efficient geometric design and signal timing not only improve operational performance at signalized intersections by expanding capacity and reducing traffic delays, but also result in an appreciable reduction in traffic conflicts, and thus better road safety. Information on the incidence of crashes, traffic flow, geometric design, road environment, and traffic control at 262 signalized intersections in Hong Kong during 2002 and 2003 are incorporated into a crash prediction model. Poisson regression and negative binomial regression are used to quantify the influence of possible contributory factors on the incidence of killed and severe injury (KSI) crashes and slight injury crashes, respectively, while possible interventions by traffic flow are controlled. The results for the incidence of slight injury crashes reveal that the road environment, degree of curvature, and presence of tram stops are significant factors, and that traffic volume has a diminishing effect on the crash risk. The presence of tram stops, number of pedestrian streams, road environment, proportion of commercial vehicles, average lane width, and degree of curvature increase the risk of KSI crashes, but the effect of traffic volume is negligible.     

Risk factors affecting the severity of single vehicle traffic accidents in Hong Kong

A population-based case-control study was conducted to examine factors affecting the severity of single vehicle traffic accidents in Hong Kong. In particular, single vehicle accident data of three major vehicle types, namely private vehicles, goods vehicles and motorcycles, which contributed to over 80% of all single vehicle accidents during the 2-year-period 1999-2000, were considered. Data were obtained from the newly implemented traffic accident data system (TRADS), which was developed jointly by the Transport Department, Police Force and Information Technology Services Department, Hong Kong. The effect of district, human, vehicle, safety, environmental and site factors on injury severity of an accident was examined. Unique risk factors associated with each of the vehicle types were identified by means of stepwise logistic regression models. For private vehicles, district board, gender of driver, age of vehicle, time of the accident and street light conditions are significant factors determining injury severity. For goods vehicles, seat-belt usage and weekday occurrence are the only two significant factors associated with injury severity. For motorcycles, age of vehicle, weekday and time of the accident were determined to be important factors affecting the injury severity. Identification of potential risk factors pertinent to the particular vehicle type has important implications to relevant official organisations in modifying safety measures in order to reduce the occurrence of severe traffic accidents, which would help to promote a safe road environment.     

让创想飞——鲁迅美术学院师生泰、港访问游学之旅

2011年1月4日至1月11日,《包装＆设计》杂志社与鲁迅美术学院广告与综合媒介工作室共同组织了该工作室的师生赴香港和泰国进行了为期八天的设计考察,访问期间,师生们参观了当地著名的设计公司和设计院校,     

香港的数字电影及影片修复

中国电影科学技术研究所于今年3月组团赴香港进行了数字电影及影片修复技术的专题考察.在香港期间,代表团考察了邵氏兄弟电影公司、参观了先涛数码企画有限公司,还与Discreet公司的香港技术人员进行了座谈交流.现在将我们所了解到的香港数字电影及影片修复状况介绍如下:     

设计界的盛会--香港"设计营商周2003"

由香港设计中心主办、香港贸易发展局合办、工商及科技局创新科技署赞助的“设计营商周2003”于去年底在香港举行。其规模宏大、内容丰富、精彩的大型国际研讨会及设计博览会使此项活动成为亚洲区最为瞩目的设计盛事之一。     

国内噪声控制近况评述

20年来,国内噪声控制技术得到了迅速发展。文中概述了近年来噪声控制的特点、热点,重点介绍了新材料、新结构。