A Voltage Control Method for a Distributed Line Feeder by means of Multiagent Approach

This paper proposes a method for the coordinated control of power factor by means of a multiagent approach. The proposed multiagent system consists of two types of agent: single feeder agent (F_AG) and bus agent (B_AG). In the proposed system, an F_AG plays as an important role, which decides the power factors of all distributed generators by executing the load flow calculations repeatedly. The voltage control strategies are implemented as the class definition of Java into the system. In order to verify the performance of the proposed method, it has been applied to a typical distribution model system. The simulation results show that the system is able to control very violent fluctuation of the demands and the photovoltaic (PV) generations.     

Impact of Retailer and Consumer Behavior on Voltage in Distribution Network Under Liberalization of Electricity Retail Market

The liberalization movement in Japan will be expanded to the residential sector and full liberalization of the retail market will be achieved in the near future. Against this background, it is expected that transactions in a distribution network (DN), which has many consumers of the residential sector, will be activated. Furthermore, consumers can control their loads depending on the selling prices offered by retailers with the introduction of demand response (DR) technologies such as home energy management systems (HEMS). Due to the variation of load by DR, however, the voltage profile in DN may be changed compared to the present situation. This may make voltage management difficult and cause problems such as voltage deviation from an adequate range. In this paper, the impact of DR in a liberalized electricity market on DN is evaluated for efficient voltage management. In order to evaluate the behavior of the retailer and consumers, this paper proposes a bi‐level programming approach based on the Stackelberg game model. Solving the bi‐level programming problem including the power flow equation for a DN model based on the IEEE 13‐bus test feeder, we analyze the impact of the retailer and consumers on the voltage in the DN in order to account for transactions between these market players.     

Application of electron beam lithography to study microcreep deformation and grain boundary sliding

Electron beam lithography has been employed to study microcreep deformation and grain boundary sliding in pure copper. Fine electron-sensitive microgrids of an alloy of palladium and gold were developed on the surface of rectangular specimens. Interrupted creep tests were carried out at 723 K at two stress levels in an argon atmosphere. Creep strain and grain boundary sliding were determined by forming Moire fringes in a scanning electron microscope as well as from the displacement of the grid lines. Local distribution of creep strain inside the grains was found to be non-uniform. Grain boundary sliding exhibited a wavy behaviour.     

Multiagent‐Based Electric Power Interchange between Microgrids

In this paper, we propose a multiagent‐based electric power interchange method between microgrids (MGs). The proposed multiagent system consists of eight types of agent: a single micro virtual power plant (MVPP) agent , several MG controller agents (MGCs), several load agents, several gas turbine (gas engine) agents, several photovoltaic generation agents, several wind turbine generation agents, several battery agents, and a single grid agent. In the proposed system, the MVPP plays an important role, facilitating electric power exchange between MGCs. Simulation results suggest that the proposed multiagent system could improve the load factor and reduce the MG operation cost.     

Elucidation of mechanism of aminoreductone formation in the Maillard reaction of lactose

The aim of this study was to elucidate the formation mechanism of aminoreductone, an important indicator for estimating the extent of Maillard reaction of lactose and amino compounds. Using the model system of lactose and butylamine, the model solution of lactose and milk proteins, and milks, it was concluded that d ‐galactose was liberated at the same time as the generation of aminoreductone. It was shown that the extent of the Maillard reaction and the lactose degradation during heating depended closely on the concentration ratio of amino group/lactose in the sample solution.     

酪蛋白磷酸肽副产物协同抗阻力运动对大鼠肌肉质量的影响

通过计算机断层扫描（computed tomography,CT）技术对饲喂酪蛋白磷酸肽（casein phosphopeptide,CPP）副产物——酪蛋白非磷酸肽（casein non-phosphopeptide,CNPP）的大鼠的躯干及下肢根部肌群、腰椎周围肌群、背部肌群、肩胛内侧肌群、上肢左侧根部肌群的横截面积进行检测。结果发现：到第50天时,自由活动组中饲喂中剂量酪蛋白非磷酸肽的大鼠的躯干及下肢根部肌群、背部肌群、肩胛内侧肌群和上肢左侧根部肌群的横截面积增长量较高,分别是空白组的1.19、1.16、1.24、1.93 倍;抗阻力运动组中喂高剂量酪蛋白非磷酸肽的大鼠躯干及下肢根部肌群、背部肌群的横截面积增长量显著大于自由活动组（P＜0.05）,同时也显著大于相同剂量的乳清蛋白组（P＜0.05）。表明酪蛋白非磷酸肽协同抗阻力运动可以促进大鼠肌肉质量的增加。     

Allergic Skin Reactivity and Chemical Properties of Allergens in Two Grades of Lactose

Skin tests of the nondialyzable fraction of lactose were performed on patients with a clinical diagnosis of cow's milk allergy. The yields of brownish-colored residue, allergens (ALG), were 0.006% from reagent grade lactose (ALG 1) and 0.011% from lactose used in a commercial infant food formula (ALG 2). The ALG was separated into four fractions by chromatography on Sephadex G-75. The highest incidences of positive skin reaction among the four ALG 1 and ALG 2 fractions were 8/9 and 8/12 respectively. The ALG fractions were identified as a sugar protein complex and the protein moiety of ALG contained high amounts of glutamic acid (or glutamine), threonin, asparagic acid (or asparagine) and proline.     

MEMS Resonator‐Based Insulated Voltage Sensor Withstanding Higher Voltage

The Si resonator is applied for measuring the voltage in a highly isolated manner. The working principle is based on the resonant frequency shift caused by the electrical field from the electrode connected to the high‐voltage source (supposing the battery). Here, the resonator is electrically floated, and its potential is decided by the relative position against the electrodes which are connected to the high voltage and the driving voltage. The induced voltage on the resonator is analyzed against the driving frequency. The resonance is found by the paired peaks in the amplitude curve. The setup for the electrical measurement can make the sensor system compact. A new sensor design for avoiding the electrical field concentration realizes the measurement over 400 V without the breakdown. This will match with the high‐voltage dc power supply system.     

Ion Exchange in Alkali Layers of Potassium β -Ferrite ((1 + x)K2O · 11Fe2O3) Single Crystals

The potassium ions in potassium β-ferrite ((1 + x)K₂O ·11Fe₂O₃) crystals were exchanged with Na⁺, Rb⁺, Cs⁺, Ag⁺, NH₄⁺, and H₃O⁺ in molten nitrates or in concentrated H₂SO₄. On the other hand, spinel and hexagonal ferrites were formed by soaking the crystals in the melt of divalent salts. The crystals of K⁺, Rb⁺, and Cs⁺β-ferrites decomposed to form α-Fe₂O₃ at high temperatures of 800° to 1100°C. In addition, H₃O⁺, NH₄⁺, and Ag⁺β-ferrites decomposed to form α-Fe₂O₃ at relatively low temperatures of 350° to 650°C, in accordance with the stabilities of the inserted ions. The electrical properties of some β-ferrites were measured.