EFFECTS OF VISCOSITY OF LIQUID FOODS ON PALATAL PRESSURE

The deglutition of non-Newtonian liquids introduced into the mouth was studied dynamically by measuring palatal pressure (P) with pressure transducers set at three locations on the palate. The value of P and the swallowing pressure (S) changed only from 100 to 200 g/cm² over the viscosity range 10⁻² to 10¹ Pa.s. The retaining time (T) and work (W), required for swallowing after the liquid entered the mouth, remained almost constant up to a critical value of 1.0 Pa.s. above which both T and W increased markedly. When the viscosity was low, all of the liquid was swallowed in one deglutition, up to 15 mL volume. Therefore, T was almost constant but S increased with the volume. When the viscosity was high, the liquid was swallowed in several smaller portions. When the volume was high, T increased and S was either constant or it decreased.     

RHYTHMIC AND IRREGULAR MOVEMENT OF THE FIRST MOLAR WHILE EATING FOODS WITH DIFFERENT TEXTURES

The three-dimensional movement of a tooth, any tooth, while naturally eating, was measured by an apparatus developed in our laboratory. The movement of the first molar on the usually used side is reported here. The mastication movements are divided into two parts, namely the rhythmical chewing period during which there are mastication pressure loads on the molar and the irregularly pulsated moving period in preparation for the swallowing followed by the rhythmical one during which there is no more pressure on it. The amplitudes of the up and down movements of the molar are 10–22mm for the rhythmical chewing period which are bigger than those for the irregularly moving period. The rhythmical chewing periods are distributed around 10–40 s depending on 14 kinds of food texture, and also on the size of the food, in a fairly similar manner for the participants. The period is longer for tough foods and bigger samples. The irregularly pulsated moving periods are widely distributed, 2–45s, and depend both on the food texture and on the participant. The irregular moving periods are longer for foods which scatter in the mouth or adhere to the teeth when chewing. The ingestion difficulty of the food was divided into two groups. One is where it is difficult to break down the food with the teeth and the other is where it is difficult to prepare for swallowing.     

EFFECT OF RELATIVE SLIP AMPLITUDE ON FRETTING FATIGUE OF HIGH STRENGTH STEEL

Abstract— The effect of relative slip amplitude on fretting fatigue in high strength steel was studied at various contact pressures using fretting pads of various lengths. Under a given contact pressure, the fretting fatigue life showed a minimum at a certain relative slip amplitude. Under a fixed pad length, the life also showed a minimum at a certain contact pressure. A map of fretting fatigue life versus contact pressure and relative slip amplitude was obtained using the data of this study. The map indicated that both the phenomena which showed a minimum life in relation to slip dependence and contact pressure dependence were the same, as were the underlying mechanisms. The minimum life was interpreted in terms of local stress concentration at the fretted area.     

EFFECTS OF DIMENSIONS OF AGAR AND GELATIN GELS ON PALATAL PRESSURE PATTERNS

Eating of agar and gelatin gels in the mouth was studied dynamically in detail. The palatal presures on agar and gelatin gels of various concentrations and dimensions were detected by pressure transducers installed at three locations of the palate. For each of the gels, Pm (the maximum palatal pressure at the initial stage of mastication), P (the mean palatal pressure), W (work), and T (retaining time in the mouth) changed significantly when their concentrations increased. Moreover, gel dimensions also affected Pm, P and W. For a bite-size gel, Pm, P and W increased or remained constant, while for a finer sized gel, Pm, P and W were nearly constant regardless of the increase in rupture strength or gel concentration.     

A Verification of Estimation Accuracy of Lightning Current Waveform and Charge Transfer from Measured E‐Field Waveform

To establish effective countermeasures on power facilities against lightning damage, it is necessary to clarify the lightning characteristics such as current parameters at the area of interest. In order to collect lightning current parameters effectively, the authors have observed electric and magnetic field waveforms simultaneously at south Kyushu, where the lightning flash density in summer is high. Based on observed electric field waveforms, the lightning current parameters have been estimated by adopting the Diendorfer–Uman model (DU model) as the return‐stroke model. In this paper, the accuracy of the estimated return‐stroke current waveform is verified by comparison with directly measured return‐stroke current waveform, along with the accuracy of the estimated charge transfer from the electric field waveform measured with a slow antenna.     

LEAKAGE CURRENT MECHANISM OF POLYCRYSTALLINE BiFeO3 FILMS WITH PT ELECTRODE

ABSTRACT

Leakage current mechanism of the polycrystalline BiFeO₃ film annealing at 923 K with Pt electrodes was discussed based on Schottky-emission conduction, Poole-Frenkel trap limited conduction, Fowler-Nordheim tunneling conduction and space charge limited current (SCLC). The leakage current mechanism at room temperature is as follows; Schottky-emission or Poole-Frenkel was the candidate leakage current mechanism at low electric field and then leakage current mechanism was changed to the SCLC at high electric field. When decreasing the measuring temperature, the leakage current mechanism at low electric field was Poole-Frenkel trap limited conduction, though the electric field region of the PF trap limited conduction was much broader than that of the room temperature.     

Numerical Study on Periodic Structure Evolution of Output Power in MHD Generator by Using Pulse‐Assisted Ionization Discharge

A pulse‐assisted ionization discharge applied to a magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) generator is proposed as a technique to increase an electrical conductivity of working fluid. In this study, a periodic structure of output power in the MHD generator by using pulse‐assisted ionization discharge was evaluated. As a result, the discharge electrode length and the velocity of working fluid affect the discharge current distribution. The periodic structure of output power was observed in the several conditions. When the velocity of working fluid is roughly same as the sound speed, the periodic structure of output power was not observed.     

The Proposal of Isolated Single‐Stage AC‐DC Converter

An isolated ac‐dc converter has been used in various applications, such as power supply and as a battery charger for electric vehicle. In conventional converters, a loss in each conversion stage can be reduced by applying a soft switching method. However, a conventional converter has many conversion stages including the rectifier stage, power factor correction, and dc/dc converter stages; thus, it is difficult to reduce the total converter loss and size. In this paper, we propose a novel isolated‐type ac‐dc converter with only one conversion stage; it can realize a zero‐voltage switching operation in all switching devices.     

Design Method for Improving Motor Efficiency of Switched Reluctance Motor

The motor efficiencies of switched reluctance motors (SRMs) are inferior to those of permanent magnet synchronous motors. This paper describes a design procedure for an SRM to obtain a higher motor efficiency. The first step in the design procedure makes clear the principle for improving the motor efficiency. The cross‐sectional and axial shapes of the rotor and stator cores are designed by magnetic field analysis with the two‐dimensional (2D) and 3D finite element method. A high‐efficiency SRM with 12 stator poles and eight rotor poles is designed. The designed SRM was produced experimentally, and was tested to verify its performance. The motor efficiency was improved in comparison to the standard SRM with six stator poles and four rotor poles.