The impact of micro‐ and macroergonomics considerations on appropriate technology transfer decisions in developing countries: The case of Turkey

The research presented in this paper aims to support the decision process of appropriate technology transfer to industrially developing countries by improving a broader understanding of relationships between the key micro‐ and macroergonomics factors and the technology alternatives. The methodology involves knowledge acquisition, identifying and categorizing a holistic set of key criteria about technology transfer with respect to ergonomics. This work attempts briefly to identify factors affecting the success of technology transfer in order to reduce the potential of incompatibilities with respect to micro‐ and macroergonomics and to optimize the decision process of managers. The objective of the decision model, based on the analytic hierarchy process (AHP), determines the global priority weights for different technology alternatives and examines the critical factors and benefits, which affect the appropriateness of technology transfer. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Hum Factors Man 17: 1–19, 2007.     

Phytoplankton Productivity and Standing Crop in the Vicinity of the Lake Huron-Saginaw Bay Front

Continuous underway sampling was used in four research cruises near the mouth of Saginaw Bay in order to locate the bay-lake front, where eutrophic bay water mixes with oligotrophic Lake Huron water. Although mixing between these water masses normally occurs in outer Saginaw Bay, the distribution was variable, depending on wind force and direction as well as water temperature. Large algal crops in inner Saginaw Bay had reduced soluble nutrients, particularly silicate and nitrate-nitrogen, in the outer bay to levels lower than the adjacent lake water. Nonetheless, outer bay water supported high algal biomass (up to 14 μg/L chlorophyll a) and ¹⁴C uptake (up to 73 μg /L/h). The phytoplankton community at the nutrient front between bay and lake waters was characterized by high chlorophyll a biomass ($\overline{x}$ = 4.47 μg/L), low ¹⁴C uptake ($\overline{x}$ = 7.12 μg/L/h), and high bacterial activity (V_max$\overline{x}$ = 1.33) indicating the presence of a senescent assemblage. Decomposition and settling of phytoplankton in the vicinity of the front apparently served to remove much of the bay plankton from the water column before mixing into the open lake. But, during mid-summer, occasional large inputs of nutrients and/or phytoplankton from the bay into the open lake were observed.     

A finite element formulation to identify damage fields: the equilibrium gap method

It is proposed to determine damage parameters in two dimensions (surface of a material) or three dimensions (in the bulk of a solid) by using full‐field displacement measurements. A finite‐element approach is developed to evaluate piece‐wise constant elastic parameters modeled by an isotropic damage variable. Two sets of examples are discussed. The first series deals with mechanical fields obtained by finite element simulations to assess the performance of the approach. The second series is concerned with displacement measurements performed during a biaxial test on a composite material. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Predictors of supportive coparenting after relationship dissolution among at-risk parents.

Supportive coparenting after relationship dissolution is associated with increased father involvement which can buffer against the negative effects of parental relationship dissolution. Low-income, at-risk families are much more likely to experience relationship dissolutions; hence, supportive coparenting after dissolution is particularly important in these families. We examined whether relationship (commitment and quality) and child (difficult temperament and gender) characteristics predicted initial levels of, and change in, supportive coparenting after relationship dissolution in the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study (N = 1,603). We used structural equation modeling of latent growth curves to examine four time points collected at the focal child's birth and first, third, and fifth birthdays. Ninety-percent of the mothers had nonmarital births, and about three-quarters had a high school diploma or less education. Overall, supportive coparenting decreased over time. Mothers in more committed relationships prior to the dissolution initially had significantly lower supportive coparenting. But over time, mothers who had been in more committed relationships increased in supportive coparenting. Mothers who had been in higher quality relationships prior to dissolution initially reported more supportive coparenting. At each time point, if a mother was romantically involved with a new partner, she reported significantly lower supportive coparenting compared to mothers who were single. With regard to child characteristics, mothers who reported their child as more difficult had significantly lower initial supportive coparenting. Similar results for fathers are discussed. Overall, the relationship characteristics of parents were important predictors of supportive coparenting both initially and over time. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved)     

Molecular recognition of DNA–protein complexes: A straightforward method combining scanning force and fluorescence microscopy

Combining scanning force and fluorescent microscopy allows simultaneous identification of labeled biomolecules and analysis of their nanometer level architectural arrangement. Fluorescent polystyrene nano-spheres were used as reliable objects for alignment of optical and topographic images. This allowed the precise localization of different fluorescence particles within complex molecular assemblies whose structure was mapped in nanometer detail topography. Our experiments reveal the versatility of this method for analysis of proteins and protein–DNA complexes.     

Energy Quantization in Solution‐Processed Layers of Indium Oxide and Their Application in Resonant Tunneling Diodes

The formation of quantized energy states in ultrathin layers of indium oxide (In₂O₃) grown via spin coating and thermally annealed at 200 °C in air is studied. Optical absorption measurements reveal a characteristic widening of the optical band gap with reducing In₂O₃ layer thickness from ≈43 to ≈3 nm in agreement with theoretical predictions for an infinite quantum well. Through sequential deposition of In₂O₃ and gallium oxide (Ga­₂O₃) layers, superlattice‐like structures with controlled dimensionality and spatially varying conduction band characteristics are demonstrated. This simple method is then explored for the fabrication of functional double‐barrier resonant tunneling diodes. Nanoscale current mapping analysis using conductive atomic force microscopy reveals that resonant tunneling is not uniform but localized in specific regions of the apparent device area. The latter observation is attributed to variation in the layer(s) thickness of the In₂O₃ quantum well and/or the Ga₂O₃ barrier layers. Despite the nonidealities, the tremendous potential of solution‐processable oxide semiconductors for the development of quantum effect devices that have so far been demonstrated only via sophisticated growth techniques is demonstrated.     

Ultrasound elastography based on multiscale estimations of regularized displacement fields

Elasticity imaging is based on the measurements of local tissue deformation. The approach to ultrasound elasticity imaging presented in this paper relies on the estimation of dense displacement fields by a coarse-to-fine minimization of an energy function that combines constraints of conservation of echo amplitude and displacement field continuity. The multiscale optimization scheme presents several characteristics aimed at improving and accelerating the convergence of the minimization process. This includes the nonregularized initialization at the coarsest resolution and the use of adaptive configuration spaces. Parameters of the energy model and optimization were adjusted using data obtained from a tissue-like phantom material. Elasticity images from normal in vivo breast tissue were subsequently obtained with these parameters. Introducing a smoothness constraint into motion field estimation helped solve ambiguities due to incoherent motion, leading to elastograms less degraded by decorrelation noise than the ones obtained from correlation-based techniques.     

Solution Processing Route to Multifunctional Titania Thin Films: Highly Conductive and Photcatalytically Active Nb:TiO2

This paper reports the synthesis of highly conductive niobium doped titanium dioxide (Nb:TiO₂) films from the decomposition of Ti(OEt)₄ with dopant quantities of Nb(OEt)₅ by aerosol‐assisted chemical vapor deposition (AACVD). Doping Nb into the Ti sites results in n‐type conductivity, as determined by Hall effect measurements. The doped films display significantly improved electrical properties compared to pristine TiO₂ films. For 5 at.% Nb in the films, the charge carrier concentration was 2 × 10²¹ cm^?3 with a mobility of 2 cm² V^–1 s^–1 . The corresponding sheet resistance is as low as 6.5 Ω sq^–1 making the films suitable candidates for transparent conducting oxide (TCO) materials. This is, to the best of our knowledge, the lowest reported sheet resistance for Nb:TiO₂ films synthesized by vapour deposition. The doped films are also blue in colour, with the intensity dependent on the Nb concentration in the films. A combination of synchrotron, laboratory and theoretical techniques confirmed niobium doping into the anatase TiO₂ lattice. Computational methods also confirmed experimental results of both delocalized (Ti⁴⁺) and localized polaronic states (Ti³⁺) states. Additionally, the doped films also functioned as photocatalysts. Thus, Nb:TiO₂ combines four functional properties (photocatalysis, electrical conductivity, optical transparency and blue colouration) within the same layer, making it a promising alternative to conventional TCO materials.