Response surface methodology applied for Orange II photocatalytic degradation in TiO2 aqueous suspensions

BACKGROUND: Heterogeneous photocatalysis is influenced by a number of parameters involving synergistic effects; hence, an experimental strategy design that considers interactions between the main variables is needed. The response surface methodology was applied for the investigation of photodegradation of 20 mg L^?1 Orange II in aqueous solutions and for optimization of color removal efficiency. Preliminary studies were performed to identify the parameters to be selected for optimization. RESULTS: The input variables considered for experimental design were: solution initial pH, oxidizing agent (H₂O₂) initial concentration and UV‐A irradiation time. The multivariate experimental design allowed the development of a quadratic response surface model to be used for the prediction of color removal efficiency over the full range of the experimental region. Under the optimum conditions established in the region of experimentation (pH = 6.9, [H₂O₂]₀ = 183 mg L^?1 and t = 32 min), a 100% color removal efficiency was obtained in experiments. CONCLUSIONS: It was found that the variables considered have important effects on color removal efficiency. The results demonstrate that the use of experimental design strategy is indispensable for successful investigation and adequate modeling of the process because the interdependence of the reaction parameters cannot be neglected. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry     

Cellular and Molecular Targets for Non-Invasive,Non-Pharmacological Therapeutic/Rehabilitative Interventions in Acute Ischemic Stroke

BACKGROUND: Cerebral circulation delivers the blood flow to the brain through a dedicated network of sanguine vessels. A healthy human brain can regulate cerebral blood flow (CBF) according to any physiological or pathological challenges. The brain is protected by its self-regulatory mechanisms, which are dependent on neuronal and support cellular populations, including endothelial ones, as well as metabolic, and even myogenic factors. OBJECTIVES: Accumulating data suggest that “non-pharmacological” approaches might provide new opportunities for stroke therapy, such as electro-/acupuncture, hyperbaric oxygen therapy, hypothermia/cooling, photobiomodulation, therapeutic gases, transcranial direct current stimulations, or transcranial magnetic stimulations. We reviewed the recent data on the mechanisms and clinical implications of these non-pharmaceutical treatments. METHODS: To present the state-of-the-art for currently available non-invasive, non-pharmacological-related interventions in acute ischemic stroke, we accomplished this synthetic and systematic literature review based on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Principles Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA). RESULTS: The initial number of obtained articles was 313. After fulfilling the five steps in the filtering/selection methodology, 54 fully eligible papers were selected for synthetic review. We enhanced our documentation with other bibliographic resources connected to our subject, identified in the literature within a non-standardized search, to fill the knowledge gaps. Fifteen clinical trials were also identified. DISCUSSION: Non-invasive, non-pharmacological therapeutic/rehabilitative interventions for acute ischemic stroke are mainly holistic therapies. Therefore, most of them are not yet routinely used in clinical practice, despite some possible beneficial effects, which have yet to be supplementarily proven in more related studies. Moreover, few of the identified clinical trials are already completed and most do not have final results. CONCLUSIONS: This review synthesizes the current findings on acute ischemic stroke therapeutic/rehabilitative interventions, described as non-invasive and non-pharmacological.     

Analyzing furnace-lining integrity using nodal wear modeling

The Nodal Wear Model was developed to systematize the analysis of corrosion phenomena on refractory and ceramic materials that come in contact with corrosive fluids in furnace linings. The model is based on the determination of the thermal field in the furnace lining using a finite-element-method grid in which a second grid is defined to represent the surface of the lining that is attacked by the molten phases. Using a control equation for the wear-corrosion thermal-activated phenomena, a modification of the geometry is introduced and a new geometry is defined to restart the calculation. For more information, contact Roberto A. Parra, Universidad de Concepción-Chile Departamento de Ingeniería Metalúrgica, Edmundo Larenas 285, Concepcion, Chile; +56-41-20-46-63; fax +56-41-22-00-45; e-mail rparra@udec.cl.     

In Vitro Macrophage Immunomodulation by Poly(ε-caprolactone) Based-Coated AZ31 Mg Alloy

Due to its excellent bone-like mechanical properties and non-toxicity, magnesium (Mg) and its alloys have attracted great interest as biomaterials for orthopaedic applications. However, their fast degradation rate in physiological environments leads to an acute inflammatory response, restricting their use as biodegradable metallic implants. Endowing Mg-based biomaterials with immunomodulatory properties can help trigger a desired immune response capable of supporting a favorable healing process. In this study, electrospun poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) fibers loaded with coumarin (CM) and/or zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO) were used to coat the commercial AZ31 Mg alloy as single and combined formulas, and their effects on the macrophage inflammatory response and osteoclastogenic process were investigated by indirect contact studies. Likewise, the capacity of the analyzed samples to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) has been investigated. The data obtained by attenuated total reflection Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR-ATR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analyses indicate that AZ31 alloy was perfectly coated with the PCL fibers loaded with CM and ZnO, which had an important influence on tuning the release of the active ingredient. Furthermore, in terms of degradation in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) solution, the PCL-ZnO- and secondary PCL-CM-ZnO-coated samples exhibited the best corrosion behaviour. The in vitro results showed the PCL-CM-ZnO and, to a lower extent, PCL-ZnO coated sample exhibited the best behaviour in terms of inflammatory response and receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL)-mediated differentiation of RAW 264.7 macrophages into osteoclasts. Altogether, the results obtained suggest that the coating of Mg alloys with fibrous PCL containing CM and/or ZnO can constitute a feasible strategy for biomedical applications.     

The long road from performing word sense disambiguation to successfully using it in information retrieval: An overview of the unsupervised approach

The issue of whether or not word sense disambiguation (WSD) can improve information retrieval (IR) results has been intensely debated over the years, with many inconclusive or contradictory results and a majority of skeptical opinions. All three classes of WSD methods (supervised, unsupervised, and knowledge-based) have been considered by the literature with respect to IR. We hereby survey the unsupervised approach which, although relatively rarely used, has provided positive results at a large scale. Unsupervised WSD has already made proof of its utility in IR and it is our belief that it still holds a promise for this field. The two main existing types of unsupervised methods for IR, which are of completely different natures, are presented, within the scientific context in which they were born, and are compared. Regardless of the gap in time between these central approaches, we are of the opinion that the unsupervised solution to the discussed problem remains the most significant for IR applications. By surveying what we consider the most promising existing approach to usage of WSD in IR, and by discussing its possible extensions, we hope to stimulate continuation of this line of research, possibly at an even more successful level.     

Electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide on flat metallic cathodes

The most important methods for the electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide on flat metallic cathodes have been systematically summarized using a novel classification approach. In contrast to the usual classification systems that were based solely on the products of electrolysis, the electroreduction procedures have been grouped according to both the nature of the cathode (sp or d group metal electrodes) and the solvent used for the supporting electrolyte (aqueous or nonaqueous solutions). The new classification system allows the identity of the electroreduction product to be better related to the nature of the metallic electrode and the supporting electrolyte. Similar reduction products are formed by each of the four possible combinations of electrodes and supporting electrolytes (sp group metals in aqueous and nonaqueous electrolytes, and d group metals in aqueous and nonaqueous electrolytes, respectively). The discussion has included both synthetic aspects and mechanistic considerations. Of special interest in this review is the discussion of procedures for the selective preparation of formic acid and for the manufacturing of hydrocarbons and/or alcohols using carbon dioxide as the carbon source.     

In vitro evaluation of S-(+)-ibuprofen as drug candidate for intra-articular drug delivery system

Intra-articular drug delivery systems (DDSs) are envisaged as interesting alternative to locally release non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as ibuprofen to reduce pain in patients with osteoarthritis. The present study examines the efficacy of S-(+)-ibuprofen on cartilage degradation as drug candidate for DDS loading. Humeral cartilage and joint capsule explants were collected from healthy sheep shoulder joints and they were cultured in mono- or in co-culture for 13?days with LPS in combination with S-(+)-ibuprofen at 50?µM and 1?mM. S-(+)-ibuprofen (50?µM) blocked prostaglandins production in LPS-activated explants but did not reduce cartilage degradation. By contrast, 1?mM S-(+)-ibuprofen treatment of cartilage explants reduced nitric oxide synthesis by 51% (p?=?0.0072), proteoglycans degradation by 35% (p?=?0.0114) and expression of serum amyloid protein – the main protein induced upon LPS challenge – by 44% (p?相似文献   

Antifungal Activity of Lactic Acid Bacteria Isolated from Peanuts,Gari, and Orange Fruit Juice against Food Aflatoxigenic Molds

This study aims to evaluate the antifungal activity of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) from some Cameroonian food commodities against mycotoxigenic and spoilage molds. Following LAB isolation, the antifungal activity of the isolates was assessed. The organic acids were quantified using high-performance liquid chromatography and the ability of the LAB to reduce mold biomass and aflatoxin production was evaluated. The LAB were identified and the biopreservative potential of strain LO3 was evaluated on tomato paste. Nine percent of the strains isolated showed broad antifungal activity. The activity was due to the effect of organic acids comprising lactic, acetic, 4-hydroxy-3-phenyllactic and 3-phenyllactic acids. Lactobacillus plantarum LO3 exhibiting the highest and broadest antifungal activity was selected and showed the capacity to inhibit fungal growth and aflatoxin production in vitro. Moreover, this strain and its cell-free supernatant showed the ability to prevent aflatoxigenic mold growth in tomato paste without altering its physico-chemical and organoleptic properties.     

Effect of cinnamate comonomers on the dental formulation properties

This study reports the synthesis and characterization of two urethane dimethacrylates containing poly(ethylene oxide) or poly(propylene oxide) segment and cinnamate pendant moieties to be formulated in dental resin composites. ¹H NMR, ¹³C NMR, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopies, gel permeation chromatography, electrospray ionization‐mass spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric measurements confirmed their structure, whereas the photopolymerization evolution of oligodimethacrylates relating to a low–molecular‐weight dicinnamate methacrylate under ultraviolet irradiation was investigated by photo‐differential scanning calorimeter, monitoring the degree of conversion (DC) and polymerization rate. The photopolymerization results reveal that the investigated derivatives display a good photoreactivity (DC: ～ 70%) during the formation of crosslinked polymers, the DC depending especially on the sample viscosity. The polymerization shrinkage for several mixtures including the urethane oligocinnamates (20 wt %) and diglycidyl methacrylate of bisphenol A/triethyleneglycol dimethacrylate system in the absence of filler was determined, the obtained values being in the range of 6.1–8.2 vol %. For few cured specimens incorporating quartz filler (75 wt %), water sorption/solubility, contact angle, and mechanical parameters were measured to establish if such monomers could be of interest in dentistry. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013     

High-temperature anomaly in the yield stress of doped NaCl crystals

The yield stress of NaCl crystals doped with divalent metals was found to rise with temperature in the range 293-600 K, the effect being most pronounced around 573 K. At higher temperatures, the yield stress decreases substantially.