Regulation by Different Types of Chaperones of Amyloid Transformation of Proteins Involved in the Development of Neurodegenerative Diseases

The review highlights various aspects of the influence of chaperones on amyloid proteins associated with the development of neurodegenerative diseases and includes studies conducted in our laboratory. Different sections of the article are devoted to the role of chaperones in the pathological transformation of alpha-synuclein and the prion protein. Information about the interaction of the chaperonins GroE and TRiC as well as polymer-based artificial chaperones with amyloidogenic proteins is summarized. Particular attention is paid to the effect of blocking chaperones by misfolded and amyloidogenic proteins. It was noted that the accumulation of functionally inactive chaperones blocked by misfolded proteins might cause the formation of amyloid aggregates and prevent the disassembly of fibrillar structures. Moreover, the blocking of chaperones by various forms of amyloid proteins might lead to pathological changes in the vital activity of cells due to the impaired folding of newly synthesized proteins and their subsequent processing. The final section of the article discusses both the little data on the role of gut microbiota in the propagation of synucleinopathies and prion diseases and the possible involvement of the bacterial chaperone GroE in these processes.     

Formic Acid Production Via Methane Peroxide Oxidation Over Oxalic Acid Activated Fe-MFI Catalysts

Topics in Catalysis - The process of synthesis of formic acid via partial peroxide oxidation of methane over Fe-MFI zeolites, as well as the influence of the catalyst activation by oxalic acid on...     

Lot-sizing on a single imperfect machine: ILP models and FPTAS extensions

A single-machine multi-product lot-sizing and sequencing problem is studied. In this problem, items of n different products are manufactured in lots. Demands for products as well as per item processing times are known. There are losses of productivity because of non perfect production. There is also a sequence dependent set-up time between lots of different products. Machine yields and product lead times are assumed to be known deterministic functions. The objective is to minimize the cost of the demand dissatisfaction provided that the total processing time does not exceed a given time limit. We propose two integer linear programming (ILP) models for the NP-hard “fraction defective” case of this problem and compare effectiveness of their ILOG CPLEX realizations with a dynamic programming algorithm in a computer experiment. We also show how an earlier developed fully polynomial time approximation scheme (FPTAS) and one of the ILP models can be extended for a more complex case.     

Molecular dynamics simulation of the formation of bimetallic core-shell nanostructures with binary Ni–Al nanoparticle quenching

Journal of Materials Science - Employing isothermal molecular dynamics, we simulated the self-assembly of core-shell nanostructures in the course of quenching binary Ni–Al nanoparticles (NPs)...     

Laser ablation of FOX-7: proposed mechanism of decomposition

A novel high-energy explosive material, FOX-7 (1,1-diamino-2,2-dinitroethylene), was studied using a combination of laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) and selected ion flow tube mass spectrometry (SIFT-MS). The LIBS technique uses short laser pulses (an ArF excimer laser) as the energy source to convert small quantities of a sample into plasma and to induce the emission of its molecular fragments or atoms. SIFT-MS is a novel method for absolute quantification based on chemical ionization using three reagent ions, with the ability to determine concentrations of trace gases and vapors of volatile organic compounds in real time. SIFT-MS was used to study the release of NO, NO(2), HCN, HONO, HCHO, CH(3)CH(2)OH, and C(2)H(2) after laser ablation of the explosive compound FOX-7 in solid crystalline form. The radiation emitted after excitation was analyzed using a time-resolved UV-vis spectrometer with an ICCD detector. The electronic bands of CN (388 nm), OH (308.4 nm), and NO (237.1 nm) radicals and the atomic lines of C, N, and H were identified.     

SNAP-Tag-Targeted MRI-Fluorescent Multimodal Probes

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a powerful imaging modality, widely employed in research and clinical settings. However, MRI images suffer from low signals and a lack of target specificity. We aimed to develop a multimodal imaging probe to detect targeted cells by MRI and fluorescence microscopy. We synthesized a trifunctional imaging probe consisting of a SNAP-tag substrate for irreversible and specific labelling of cells, cyanine dyes for bright fluorescence, and a chelated Gd^III molecule for enhancing MRI contrast. Our probes exhibit specific and efficient labelling of genetically defined cells (expressing SNAP-tag at their membrane), bright fluorescence and MRI signal. Our synthetic approach provides a versatile platform for the production of multimodal imaging probes, particularly for light microscopy and MRI.     

Fucose Ameliorates Tritrichomonas sp.-Associated Illness in Antibiotic-Treated Muc2−/− Mice

The mucus layer in the intestine plays a critical role in regulation of host–microbe interactions and maintaining homeostasis. Disruptions of the mucus layer due to genetic, environmental, or immune factors may lead to inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). IBD frequently are accompanied with infections, and therefore are treated with antibiotics. Hence, it is important to evaluate risks of antibiotic treatment in individuals with vulnerable gut barrier and chronic inflammation. Mice with a knockout of the Muc2 gene, encoding the main glycoprotein component of the mucus, demonstrate a close contact of the microbes with the gut epithelium which leads to chronic inflammation resembling IBD. Here we demonstrate that the Muc2^−/− mice harboring a gut protozoan infection Tritrichomonas sp. are susceptible to an antibiotic-induced depletion of the bacterial microbiota. Suppression of the protozoan infection with efficient metronidazole dosage or L-fucose administration resulted in amelioration of an illness observed in antibiotic-treated Muc2^−/− mice. Fucose is a monosaccharide presented abundantly in gut glycoproteins, including Mucin2, and is known to be involved in host–microbe interactions, in particular in microbe adhesion. We suppose that further investigation of the role of fucose in protozoan adhesion to host cells may be of great value.     

Cerebral Blood Flow in Predator Stress-Resilient and -Susceptible Rats and Mechanisms of Resilience

Stress-induced conditions are associated with impaired cerebral blood flow (CBF) and increased risk of dementia and stroke. However, these conditions do not develop in resilient humans and animals. Here the effects of predator stress (PS, cat urine scent, ten days) on CBF and mechanisms of CBF regulation were compared in PS-susceptible (PSs) and PS-resilient (PSr) rats. Fourteen days post-stress, the rats were segregated into PSs and PSr groups based on a behavior-related anxiety index (AI). CBF and its endothelium-dependent changes were measured in the parietal cortex by laser Doppler flowmetry. The major findings are: (1) PS susceptibility was associated with reduced basal CBF and endothelial dysfunction. In PSr rats, the basal CBF was higher, and endothelial dysfunction was attenuated. (2) CBF was inversely correlated with the AI of PS-exposed rats. (3) Endothelial dysfunction was associated with a decrease in eNOS mRNA in PSs rats compared to the PSr and control rats. (4) Brain dopamine was reduced in PSs rats and increased in PSr rats. (5) Plasma corticosterone of PSs was reduced compared to PSr and control rats. (6) A hypercoagulation state was present in PSs rats but not in PSr rats. Thus, potential stress resilience mechanisms that are protective for CBF were identified.     

Structure and sorption properties of hypercrosslinked polystyrenes and magnetic nanocomposite materials based on them

Some special habits of dilute solution-grown single crystals were introduced by means of atomic force microscopy (AFM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) equipped with electron diffraction (ED). Well-defined block copolymers of poly(ethylene glycol)-block-polystyrene (PEG-b-PS) having predetermined molecular weight and narrow molecular weight distribution (1.06–1.08) were synthesized by atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP). The single crystals of PEG-b-PS copolymers were grown in a mixed solvent comprised of chlorobenzene/octane and separately in amyl acetate, both using a self-seeding technique. We were capable to develop various growth fronts that resulted from different growth rates through infinitesimal temperature fluctuations. Elevated crystallization temperatures and a higher ratio of molecular weight of PS to that of PEG intensified the curvatures. The corresponding overall, crystalline, and amorphous thickness of a given single crystal, either in square and truncated shapes or with concave and convex lateral sides, had high consistency with each other.