Animal psychology in America as revealed in APA presidential addresses.

The year 1992 marks the centennial of the founding of the American Psychological Association (APA). Through the years, psychologists who were interested in animal behavior processes have actively participated in this organization, and many have been elected president of APA. This article considers some aspects of theory and research in animal psychology during this 100-yr period by examining a selected set of APA presidential addresses. Attention is given to the presidents' evaluations of the state of animal psychology at the time of their presidency and their assessments of its future. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Self-disclosure and liking: A meta-analytic review.

Self-disclosure plays a central role in the development and maintenance of relationships. One way that researchers have explored these processes is by studying the links between self-disclosure and liking. Using meta-analytic procedures, the present work sought to clarify and review this literature by evaluating the evidence for 3 distinct disclosure-liking effects. Significant disclosure-liking relations were found for each effect: (1) People who engage in intimate disclosures tend to be liked more than people who disclose at lower levels, (2) people disclose more to those whom they initially like, and (3) people like others as a result of having disclosed to them. In addition, the relation between disclosure and liking was moderated by a number of variables, including study paradigm, type of disclosure, and gender of the discloser. Taken together, these results suggest that various disclosure-liking effects can be integrated and viewed as operating together within a dynamic interpersonal system. Implications for theory development are discussed, and avenues for future research are suggested. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Where is the infant in infant intervention? A review of the literature on changing troubled mother-infant relationships.

Four intervention models that aim to reduce problematic caregiver–infant relationships are reviewed within the context of attachment theory. These models include support, guidance, psychotherapy, and infant-led psychotherapy. All of the models are consistent with attachment theory in that they aim to enhance maternal sensitivity and responsiveness. Only infant-led psychotherapy focuses primarily on the mother–infant relationship and directly includes the infant in treatment instead of focusing and working primarily with the more verbal partner, the caregiver. Thus, of the 4 interventions, infant-led psychotherapy is most consistent with the current empirical and theoretical understanding of infants as active contributors to their relationships and development. However, there is little empirical research on this intervention; the bulk of studies evaluate support and guidance. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

小心折扣返款

供应商乐于玩这种折扣返款的把戏，但他们却不喜欢真把钱退给你。     

Differences in color naming and color salience in Vietnamese and English

The accepted model of color naming postulates that 11 “basic” color terms representing 11 common perceptual experiences show increased processing salience due to a theorized linkage between perception, visual neurophysiology, and cognition. We tested this theory, originally proposed by Berlin and Kay in 1969. Experiment 1 tested salience by comparing unconstrained color naming across two languages, English and Vietnamese. Results were compared with previous research by Berlin and Kay, Boynton and Olson, and colleagues. Experiment 2 validated our stimuli by comparing OSA, Munsell, and newly rendered “basic” exemplars using colorimetry and behavioral measures. Our results show that the relationship between the visual and verbal domains is more complex than current theory acknowledges. An interpoint distance model of color‐naming behavior is proposed as an alternative perspective on color‐naming universality and color‐category structure. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 28, 113–138, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/col.10131     

Note on the use of the term subject in pre-1886 discussions of thought-transference experiments.

In response to K. Danzinger's (see record 1986-00068-001) suggestion that the first use of the term subject in the English-language psychological literature occurred in 1886 in the context of experiments involving the hypnotic state, the present author points out that there are examples of the use of the term in discussions of experiments on thought transference published by the Society for Psychical Research in the 1880's. (8 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Comparison of paper-and-pencil versus Web administration of the Youth Risk Behavior Survey (YRBS): Participation,data quality,and perceived privacy and anonymity

The Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System (YRBSS) monitors priority health-risk behaviors among US high school students. To better understand the ramifications of changing the YRBSS from paper-and-pencil to Web administration, in 2008 the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention conducted a study comparing these two modes of administration. Eighty-five schools in 15 states agreed to participate in the study. Within each participating school, four classrooms of students in grades 9 or 10 were randomly assigned to complete the Youth Risk Behavior Survey questionnaire in one of four conditions (in-class paper-and-pencil, in-class Web without programmed skip patterns, in-class Web with programmed skip patterns, and “on your own” Web without programmed skip patterns). Findings included less missing data for the paper-and-pencil condition (1.5% vs. 5.3%, 4.4%, 6.4%; p < .001), less perceived privacy and anonymity among respondents for the in-class Web conditions, and a lower response rate for the “on your own” Web condition than for in-class administration by either mode (28.0% vs. 91.2%, 90.1%, 91.4%; p < .001). Although Web administration might be useful for some surveys, these findings do not favor the use of a Web survey for the YRBSS.     

Effects of chemical protective equipment on team process performance in small unit rescue operations

In the event of a nuclear, biological, or chemical terrorist attack against civilians, both military and civilian emergency response teams must be able to respond and operate efficiently while wearing protective equipment. Chemical protective equipment protects the user by providing a barrier between the individual and hazardous environment. Unfortunately, the same equipment that is designed to support the user can potentially cause heat stress, reduced task efficiency, and reduced range-of-motion. Targeted Acceptable Responses to Generated Events of Tasks (TARGETS), an event-based team performance measurement methodology was used to investigate the effects of Mission Oriented Protective Posture (MOPP) on the behavioral processes underlying team performance during simulated rescue tasks. In addition, this study determined which team processes were related to team performance outcomes. Results of six primary analyses indicated that team process performance was not degraded by MOPP 4 on any rescue task and that the team processes critical for successful task performance are task-dependent. This article discusses the implications of these results with respect to the study design and the limitations of using an event-based team performance measurement methodology.     

Negotiating participation: understanding the "how" in an ergonomic change team

In participatory ergonomic (PE) interventions, "how" effective participation by workplace parties can be achieved remains unclear. We conducted a case study of the dynamics of an ergonomic change team (ECT) process in a medium-sized (175 employees) automotive foam manufacturing plant. We present analyses of observer field notes and post-intervention interviews from which key elements on the dynamics of the "how" emerged: (1) impacts of facilitators' involvement and interests; (2) tensions in delimiting the scope of ECT activities; issues around (3) managing meetings and (4) realizing labour and management participation; and (5) workplace ECT members' difficulties in juggling other job commitments and facing production pressures. We highlight the ongoing negotiated nature of responses to these challenges by labour, management and ergonomic facilitator members of the ECT. We argue for greater examination of the social dynamics of PE processes to identify additional ways of fostering participation in ergonomic project implementation.