Developing English domestic occupancy profiles

ABSTRACT

Occupancy patterns are necessary to estimate energy demand and evaluate thermal comfort in households. Because of this, many European countries are developing representative domestic schedules to replace outdated criteria. This paper evaluates the state of knowledge of UK domestic occupancy patterns and develops new domestic occupancy profiles for England. The presented research (1) characterizes methods for collecting occupancy data and inferring patterns; (2) identifies and assesses the quality of categories of occupancy patterns used in building simulation; and (3) develops updated occupancy profiles. A systematic scoping review identified social and monitoring surveys as the most deployed data-collection methods. A systematic literature review also established that the occupancy categories most frequently used in UK building simulation are (a) a family with dependent children where the parents work full time; and (b) a retired elderly couple who spend most of their time indoors. The interview sample from the English Housing Survey 2014–15 was used to map household typologies. Results show that categories (a) and (b) combined amount to only 19% of England’s households, which suggest models are over-reliant on these groups. Considering this result, the paper develops occupancy patterns for England derived from 2015 UK Time Use Survey diaries for each household typology previously identified.     

What is a crystal to the new chemical crystallographer,after that first,automated structure analysis?

This educational review postulates the importance of maintaining an adequate level of crystallographic education among structure-dependent scientists whose interests are not primarily in crystallography, at a time when automation and validation have made it possible to obtain high-quality structure analyses in many cases with a minimum of crystallographic background. The topics addressed are intended to form a second round of crystallographic education for a novice user whose first round involved hands-on experience with structure solution and an introduction to elementary concepts. The specific topics, chosen for their relevance as basic knowledge and their lack of emphasis in many formal treatments, are (1) crystallographic reference frames and the utility of the reciprocal cell in geometrical calculations; (2) the relationship between the two concepts that constitute our model of the crystal, namely the unit cell and the lattice; (3) the manner in which an atom is represented in concept and in practice; (4) the importance of interleaved symmetry elements required by the presence of additional symmetry on a lattice; (5) the harnessing of the natural properties of the crystalline state for the potential manipulation of properties of synthetic crystals; and (6) useful terminology for navigating a crystal structure.     

TRACES OF THE TERRITORY IN SPANISH PHOTOGRAPHY SINCE THE 1990s

This paper proposes a reading of the cultural and social aspects associated with sundry notions of territory through Spanish photography at the end of the twentieth century and the beginning of the twenty-first. An analysis of a series of case studies reveals a new awareness of the common space through the concept of trace, being understood beyond the material imprint, as it falls under the influence of the cultural aspects that clarify the account of the conflict and consciousness of the suburbs and peripheries. Contemporary ruins arising from unbridled urban growth, or the invisible wounds associated with certain places, converge in a series of images that have their own tradition in the conceptual experiments of the 70s and the aesthetics of the “non-site” displayed in the 90s. As background, the economic and political avatars of recent years in Spain – also linked to a global crisis – are manifested in a series of photographic musings whose images portray the scenarios of a premature ruin linked to property speculation and the traces of a collective memory.     

The analysis for morphological evolution and crystallography of degenerate pearlite in 100Mn13 steel

During approximate 773 K aging treatment of 100Mn13 steel, degenerate pearlite will occur and evolve into lamellar pearlite during growth process. The microstructures of degenerate pearlite and its evolutionary lamellar pearlite are observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The results show that after 748 K, 773 K and 798 K aging, degenerate pearlites occur at grain boundary. At growth front of degenerate pearlite forming at 773 K and 798 K, pearlite presents a morphology of short lamellae of carbide and ferrite, indicating a trend of developing into lamellar pearlite. The higher the temperature is, the more obvious the trend is, and even a conventional lamellar pearlite has developed. However, there is no morphological evolution for degenerate pearlite forming at 748 K aging. Besides, the constituents of degenerate pearlite is identified as M₂₃C₆ and ferrite, and Kurdjumov-Sachs orientation relationship exists between them, (01 )_α//( 1 )_M23C6, [111]_α//[110]_M23C6. This orientation relationship maintains in morphological evolution from degenerate pearlite to lamellar pearlite.     

An evaluation of Acacia mearnsii tannin as an aluminum corrosion inhibitor in acid,alkaline, and neutral media

The electrochemical behavior of aluminum in tannin from Acacia mearnsii bark was evaluated by potentiodynamic polarization curves and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) in media under three different pH conditions: acid, alkaline, and neutral. A relationship among pH, polymerization grade (PG), zeta potential, surface, and electrochemical properties was observed in the inhibition performance of the tannin. At high pH, the oligomer structure of the tannin was affected, resulting in a low PG (4) and high zeta potential (−75 mV), and consequently, the inhibition efficiency decreased (68%) in comparison with that in acid (99%) and neutral media (96%). The values obtained indicate a physisorption mechanism for the aluminum corrosion inhibition in the studied conditions.     

Coupled field formulation of exactly integrated membrane finite elements insensitive to distortion

Abstract

An efficient 4-noded membrane element tolerant and insensitive to mesh distortion is developed using kinematically coupling the in-plane displacements which satisfy the equilibrium equations in Cartesian coordinates and results in material-dependent coupled field interpolation functions making the element free from volumetric and shear locking. The proposed formulation provides a preliminary concept for the satisfaction of natural boundary conditions which is used to satisfy the strong patch test. The proposed element, passed several benchmark problems from the literature, compared well with elasticity solutions, passed the weak patch test and the inf-sup test for both compressible and incompressible cases.