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1.
Microglia and astrocytes, two glial cell populations of the central nervous system, present Ag and stimulate T cell proliferation, but it is unclear whether they preferentially activate Th1 or Th2 responses. We have investigated the efficiency of microglia and astrocytes in the presentation of OVA peptide 323-339 or native OVA to Th1 and Th2 cell lines from DO11.10 TCR transgenic mice. Upon stimulation with IFN-gamma, microglia express MHC class II molecules, CD40, and ICAM-1 and efficiently present OVA 323-339, leading to T cell proliferation and production of IL-2 and IFN-gamma by Th1 and of IL-4 by Th2 cells. IFN-gamma-treated astrocytes, which express MHC class II and ICAM-1, present OVA 323-339 less efficiently to Th1 cells but are as efficient as microglia in inducing IL-4 secretion by Th2 cells. However, astrocytes are much less potent than microglia in presenting naturally processed OVA peptide to either T cell subset, indicating inefficient Ag processing. The capacity of astrocytes and microglia to stimulate Th1 and Th2 cells depends on their MHC class II expression and does not involve ICAM-1, B7-1, or B7-2 molecules. However, CD40-CD40L interactions contribute to Th1 activation by microglia. These data suggest that microglia may play a role in the activation of Th1 and Th2 cells, whereas astrocytes would restimulate mainly Th2 responses in the presence of appropriate peptides. This differential capacity of brain APC to restimulate Th1 and Th2 responses may contribute to the reactivation and regulation of local inflammatory processes during infectious and autoimmune diseases. 相似文献
2.
Paolo Ria Antonio De Pascalis Anna Zito Silvia Barbarini Marcello Napoli Antonietta Gigante Gian Pio Sorice 《International journal of molecular sciences》2023,24(1)
Proteinuria is a broad term used to describe the pathological presence of proteins, including albumin, globulin, Bence-Jones protein, and mucoprotein in the urine. When persistent, proteinuria is a marker of kidney damage and represents a reliable predictor of the risk of progression of renal failure. Medical nutrition therapy is imperative for patients with proteinuria because it may slow the progression of renal disease. The aim of this review is to explore different nutritional approaches in the management of proteinuria and their influence on pathophysiological processes. As such, protein restriction is the main dietary intervention. Indeed, other management approaches are frequently used to reduce it regarding micro and macronutrients, but also the dietary style. Among these, the nutritional approach represents one of the most used and controversial interventions and the studies rarely take the form of randomized and controlled trials. With this work we aspire to analyze current clinical knowledge of how nutrition could influence proteinuria, potentially representing a useful tool in the management of proteinuric nephropathy. 相似文献
3.
Ping Chuan Siow Jaharah A. Ghani Talib Ria Jaafar Mariyam Jameelah Ghazali Che Hassan Che Haron 《Tribology - Materials, Surfaces & Interfaces》2019,13(1):58-66
Titanium carbonitride (TiCN) is a popular hard coating for carbide cutting tools in various applications. The properties of TiCN are within its composition and can be controlled by maintaining the C–N ratio within the coating to a certain level. This paper studied the influence of carbon content and coating composition within TiCxN1?x coatings with regard to their mechanical properties. The substrate used was tungsten carbide (WC-6Co), which was prepared in-house through a powder metallurgy process, while the TiCxN1?x coatings were deposited in-house using cathodic arc physical vapour deposition (CAPVD). TiCxN1?x coatings improved the mechanical properties of carbide inserts. An increase in carbon content within TiCxN1?x coatings improved surface lubricity, reduced coefficient of friction, improved surface microhardness and increased Young's modulus, but reduced thermal conductivity of carbide inserts. The colour of TiCxN1?x coatings also changed with carbon content. 相似文献
4.
Cover Picture: Development of Potent and Metabolically Stable APJ Ligands with High Therapeutic Potential (ChemMedChem 21/2016)
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5.
Classical spectral analysis is based on the discrete Fourier transform of the autocovariances. In this article we investigate the asymptotic properties of new frequency‐domain methods where the autocovariances in the spectral density are replaced by alternative dependence measures that can be estimated by U‐statistics. An interesting example is given by Kendall's τ, for which the limiting variance exhibits a surprising behavior. 相似文献
6.
Decsi T Boehm G Tjoonk HM Molnár S Dijck-Brouwer DA Hadders-Algra M Martini IA Muskiet FA Boersma ER 《Lipids》2002,37(10):959-965
Long-chain PUFA play an important role in early human neurodevelopment. Significant inverse correlations were reported between
values of trans isomeric and long-chain PUFA in plasma lipids of preterm infants and children aged 1–15 yr as well as in venous cord blood
lipids of full-term infants. Here we report FA compositional data of cord blood vessel wall lipids in 308 healthy, full-term
infants (gestational age: 39.7±1.2 wk, birth weight: 3528±429 g, mean±SD). The median (interquartile range) of the sum of
18-carbon trans FA was 0.22 (0.13)% w/w in umbilical artery and 0.16 (0.10)% w/w in umbilical vein lipids. Nonparametric correlation analysis
showed significant inverse correlations between the sum of 18-carbon trans FA and both arachidonic acid and DHA in artery (r=−0.38, P<0.01, and r=−0.20, P<0.01) and vein (r=−0.36, P<0.01, and −0.17, P<0.01) wall lipids. In addition, the sum of 18-carbon trans FA was significantly positively correlated to Mead acid, a general indicator of EFA deficiency, in both artery (r=+0.35, P<0.01) and vein (r=+0.31, P<0.01) wall lipids. The present results obtained in a large group of full-term infants suggest that maternal trans FA intake is inversely associated with long-chain PUFA status of the infant at birth. 相似文献
7.
M. Cuevas‐González H. Balzter D. Riaño 《International journal of remote sensing》2013,34(23):6873-6892
Disturbance events such as fire have major effects on forest dynamics, succession and the carbon cycle in the boreal biome. This paper focuses on establishing whether characteristic spatio‐temporal patterns of the fraction of Absorbed Photosynthetically Active Radiation (fAPAR) occur in the initial two years after a fire event in Siberian boreal forests. Time‐series of MODIS fAPAR were used to study post‐fire dynamics during the year of the fire and the following two years. Three forest types (evergreen needle‐leaf, deciduous needle‐leaf and deciduous broadleaf) grouped into three latitudinal regions, ranging from 51° N to 65° N, were studied by analysing a sample of 14 burned areas. For each of the burned areas an adjacent unburned control plot was selected with the aim of separating inter‐annual variations caused by climate from changes in fAPAR behaviour due to a burn. The results suggest that (i) the forest types exhibit characteristic fAPAR change trajectories shortly after the fire, (ii) the differences in the fAPAR trajectories are related to the forest type, (iii) fAPAR changes are not significantly different among the latitudinal regions, and (iv) the limited temporal variability observed among the 3 years of observations indicates that fAPAR varies very little in the initial years after a fire event. 相似文献
8.
Ria Follett 《Artificial Intelligence》1980,13(3):175-200
Automatic Program Synthesis involves the automatic generation of a program (or plan) to achieve a specific goal. This means that smaller pre-defined (or previously synthesised) program segments are combined or modified to achieve the total goal. To guarantee that the required goal is actually achieved, the interactions between these program segments must be identified and considered. This paper shows how the side effects of segments can be derived and constructively used in achieving the required goal, and in guaranteeing the correctness of the resulting program. A program synthesising system PROSYN using these principles will then be described. A trace of a sample program synthesis, which generates a program that solves a general set of linear simultaneous equations, is given in the appendix. 相似文献
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10.
We report a novel nanoparticle that is promising for photodynamic therapy applications, which consists of a π-conjugated polymer doped with a singlet oxygen photosensitizer. The nanoparticles exhibit highly efficient collection of excitation light due to the large excitation cross-section of the polymer. A quantum efficiency of singlet oxygen production of 0.5 was determined. Extraordinarily large two-photon excitation cross-sections were determined, indicating promise for near infrared multiphoton photodynamic therapy. Gel electrophoresis of DNA after near-UV irradiation in the presence of nanoparticles indicated both purine base and backbone DNA damage. 相似文献