Tri-Gate Bulk MOSFET Design for CMOS Scaling to the End of the Roadmap

A tri-gate bulk MOSFET design utilizing a low-aspect-ratio channel is proposed to provide an evolutionary pathway for CMOS scaling to the end of the roadmap. 3-D device simulations indicate that this design offers the advantages of a multi-gate FET (reduced variability in performance and improved scalability) together with the advantages of a conventional planar MOSFET (low substrate cost and capability for dynamic threshold-voltage control).     

Metabolism of tetramethrin isomers in rat: II. Identification and quantitation of metabolites

1. To examine the metabolic fate of (1RS, trans)- or (1RS, cis)-tetramethrin [3, 4, 5, 6-tetrahydrophthalimidomethyl (1RS, trans)- or (1RS, cis)-chrysanthemate], rat was administered a single oral dose of trans- or cis-[alcohol-14C]tetramethrin at dose levels of 2 or 250 mg/kg. 2. The radiocarbon was almost completely eliminated from rat within 7 days after administration in all groups. 14C-recoveries (expressed as percentages relative to the dosed 14C) in faeces and urine were 38-58 and 42-58% respectively in rat administrated trans-[alcohol-14C]tetramethrin, and in faeces and urine were 66-91 and 9-31% respectively in rat administered cis-[alcohol-14C]tetramethrin. 3. Fourteen metabolites found in excreta were purified by using several chromatographic techniques and identified by spectroanalyses (nmr and MS). Five sulphonate derivatives and three dicarboxylic acid derivatives were found. 4. The main metabolites were sulphonate derivatives in the faeces, and in the urine, alcohols, dicarboxylic acid and reduced metabolites derived from the 3,4,5,6-tetrahydrophthalimide moiety.     

Au/Pt/Ti/Ni ohmic contacts to p-ZnTe

Ohmic contacts of Au/Pd/Ti/Ni to p-ZnTe show a minimum specific contact resistance of 10^-6 Ωcm² for a p-type doping level of 3×10¹⁹ cm^-3 and at an annealing temperature of 300°C. The Ni and Ti layers are very effective in improving the electrical properties of these contact     

Metabolism of tetramethrin isomers in rat: IV. Tissues responsible for formation of reduced and hydrated metabolites

1. To identify the sites of formation of the reduced metabolites, 3-hydroxy-cyclohexane-1,2-dicarboximide (3-OH-HPI-1 and -2), 1,2-cyclohexanedicarboxylic acid (TCDA) and 1-hydroxy-1,2-cyclohexanedicarboxylic acid (1-OH-HPA), in rat treated with 14C-labelled (1RS, trans)-tetramethrin, [3,4,5,6-tetrahydrophthalimidomethyl (1RS, trans)-chrysanthemate], bile-duct cannulated animals were orally or intravenously administered 14C-labelled 3,4,5,6-tetrahydrophthalimide (TPI) or 3,4,5,6-tetrahydrophthalic acid (THPA), precursors of these metabolites, and bile, urine and faeces were collected for analysis. 2. 3-OH-HPI-1 and 3-OH-HPI-2, which are cis-form reduced metabolites, and 1-OH-HPA were detected in bile and urine samples of the bile-cannulated rat treated intravenously and orally with 14C-labelled TPI, indicating their formation in tissues or blood. TCDA, a trans-form reduced metabolite, was not detected in bile, urine or faeces of the bile-cannulated rat treated intravenously with 14C-THPA, but was found in the faeces after oral application, indicating formation in the gastrointestinal tract. 3. To clarify whether 1-OH-HPA is produced from THPA via TCDA (hydroxylation via reduction) or by direct addition of H2O to its double bond (hydration), rats were orally administered 14C-labelled TCDA, and metabolites in urine and faeces were analysed. The observed lack of 1-OH-HPA indicated formation by direct addition of H2O to the double-bond of THPA. 4. To specify which tissues form reduced and hydrated metabolites, in vitro metabolism studies were carried out. Reduction to the cis-form was found to take place in blood cells, reduction to the trans-form took place in the gastrointestinal tract contents, and hydration took place in the liver and the intestinal tract contents.     

Oligomer-Rich Fraction from Polydisperse Sample of Poly(bis(β-phenoxyethoxy)phosphazene)

Poly[bis(-phenoxyethoxy)phosphazene] [PBPEP] had been shown in our previous paper to be a very useful polymer for investigating the crystallization mechanism of polymers, as the crystallization rate of PBPEP is extraordinarily small when isothermally crystallized from the melt. The crystallization of the low molecular weight oligomers of PBPEP was first studied in comparison to the high molecular weight polymers. The oligomer-rich fraction was obtained by fractionation of the as-polymerized sample, which had a broad molecular weight distribution. The fractions thus obtained were characterized by solution viscometry and size exclusion chromatography. The melting temperature and the growth rate of the spherulite from the melt were investigated by differential scanning calorimetry and optical microscopy. The growth rate was one or two orders of magnitude smaller in the oligomer-rich fraction than in the other high molecular weight fractions. A collapsed spherulite appeared in the oligomer-rich fraction at high crystallization temperatures. It is speculated that in the oligomer-rich fraction there is an excess free energy due to defects in the crystal phase. This defect is considerably larger in the oligomer-rich fraction than in the other fractions because a large quantity of short length chains is present.     

Drying characteristics of porous material immersed in a bed of hygroscopic porous particles fluidized under reduced pressure

A relatively large wet material was immersed in a fluidized bed of hygroscopic porous particle (silica gel beads) under reduced pressure. And then the drying characteristics were compared with those in the case of inert particle (glass beads). The comparison of drying characteristics is performed experimentally and theoretically. In calculation, the water transfer from the sample to the fluidized bed was considered. The calculation results are in good agreement with the experimental data. The effects of the operational conditions (the pressure in the drying chamber and the temperature of the drying gas) on the drying characteristics were also examined in both fluidizing particles.The drying finishes earlier in the case of hygroscopic porous particle than in the case of inert particle regardless of pressure in the drying chamber, since the water transfer from the sample facilitates the drying in the case of hygroscopic porous particles. The temperature decrement in drying appears in the case of inert particle. This phenomenon is also observed in the case of hygroscopic porous particle, but the decrement degree of the temperature is much smaller than that in the case of inert particle. The difference of the minimum temperature in the sample in drying between the cases of hygroscopic porous particle and inert particle is very slight for different pressures in the drying chamber.     

Preparation of gelatinous aluminium hydroxide by urea from aqueous solutions containing chloride,nitrate and sulphate of aluminium

The preparation of gelatinous aluminium hydroxide from aqueous solutions containing a mixture of the chloride, nitrate or sulphate of aluminium and urea by heating at 95°C has been investigated under different conditions. The pH value of aqueous solutions, on heating for a given period of time, gradually increases, rises steeply at pH 4.0–7.5 and finally approaches a constant value. The precipitate appears at about pH 7 in the presence of chloride or nitrate ions and about pH 4 in the presence of sulphate ions. Although the gelatinous precipitates in the chloride and nitrate systems are apparently different from the granular, filterable one in the sulphate system, their compositions are not influenced by the species of aluminium salt. The fresh precipitates exist in an amorphous state, and go to pseudoboehmite by ageing. It seems that the amount of pseudoboehmite increases as the concentration of aluminium salt in aqueous solution decreases. However, the transformation from amorphous aluminium hydroxide to pseudoboehmite is reduced in the presence of sulphate ions. Furthermore, it is found that the X-ray diffraction peak for the (200) plane, as an orthorhombic structure, in the pseudoboehmite precipitated from chloride or nitrate solution is more intense than that from sulphate solution.     

Damage to seagrass and seaweed beds in Matsushima Bay,Japan, caused by the huge tsunami of the Great East Japan Earthquake on 11 March 2011

Damage to seagrass and seaweed beds caused by the huge tsunami of the Great East Japan Earthquake on 11 March 2011 was investigated in Matsushima Bay, Miyagi Prefecture, Japan, by comparing satellite images taken before the tsunami in November 2009 and after the tsunami in May 2011. The results showed that the tsunami destroyed 220 ha of seagrass and seaweed beds, from 320 ha in 2009 to 100 ha just after the tsunami. Zostera marina beds on the sandy and muddy bottom were rather severely damaged compared with brown seaweed beds of Sargassum horneri on the rocky substrate. Substrates of the beds and directions of the tsunami seem to be responsible for the magnitude of the damage to the beds. Maps of the spatial distributions of the beds before and after the tsunami can provide information for the restoration of seagrass and seaweed beds as natural infrastructures of coastal fisheries resources.     

Simulation of postoperative 3D facial morphology using a physics-based head model

We propose a prototype of a facial surgery simulation system for surgical planning and the prediction of facial deformation. We use a physics-based human head model. Our head model has a 3D hierarchical structure that consists of soft tissue and the skull, constructed from the exact 3D CT patient data. Anatomic points measured on X-ray images from both frontal and side views are used to fire the model to the patient's head. The purposes of this research is to analyze the relationship between changes of mandibular position and facial morphology after orthognathic surgery, and to simulate the exact postoperative 3D facial shape. In the experiment, we used our model to predict the facial shape after surgery for patients with mandibular prognathism. Comparing the simulation results and the actual facial images after the surgery shows that the proposed method is practical.     

Room-temperature lasing operation of GaInNAs-GaAssingle-quantum-well laser diodes

We have succeeded in demonstrating continuous-wave (CW) operation of GaInNAs-GaAs single-quantum-well (SQW) laser diodes at room temperature (RT). The threshold current density was about 1.4 kA/cm², and the operating wavelength was approximately 1.18 μm for a broad-stripe geometry. Evenly spaced multiple longitudinal modes were clearly observed in the lasing spectrum. The full-angle-half-power far-field beam divergence measured parallel and perpendicular to the junction plane was 4.5° and 45°, respectively. A high characteristic temperature (T₀) of 126 K under CW operation and a small wavelength shift per ambient temperature change of 0.48 nm/°C under pulsed operation were obtained. These experimental results indicate the applicability of GaInNAs to long-wavelength laser diodes with excellent high-temperature performance