Research in CASE environments has focused on two kinds of integration: tool and object. A higher level of integration, process integration, which represents development activities explicitly in a software process model to guide and coordinate development and to integrate tools and objects, is proposed. Process integration uses software process models (SPMs) a process driver, a tool set, and interfaces for both developers and managers to form the backbone of a process-driven CASE environment. The developer's interface, a working environment that lets developers enact an SPM, and the manager's interface which gives managers and analysts the tools to define, monitor, and control the SPMs that developers are working on concurrently are discussed. The Softman environment experiment, an implementation of process-driven CASE environments with existing CASE environments, is reviewed 相似文献
Coating of 0.65Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3–0.35PbTiO3 (PMN–PT) relaxor ferroelectrics by a sol–gel method is followed by growth of epitaxial SrRuO3 (SRO) metallic oxide electrodes on SrTiO3 (STO) single-crystal substrate by pulsed laser deposition. High-quality PMN–PT films on SRO with preferred growth orientation were successfully fabricated by controlling the operation parameters. Structural properties of relaxor ferroelectric PMN–PT thin films on SRO/STO substrates have been studied by X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). In-plane and out-of-plane alignments of the heterostructure are confirmed and the structural twinning of the materials are also revealed. 相似文献
Spinel LiMn2O4 is a widely utilized cathode material for Li-ion batteries. However, its applications are limited by its poor energy density and power density. Herein, a novel hierarchical porous onion-like LiMn2O4(LMO) was prepared to shorten the Li+ diffusion pathway with the presence of uniform pores and nanosized primary particles. The growth mechanism of the porous onion-like LiMn2O4 was analyzed to control the morphology and the crystal structure so that it forms a polyhedral crystal structure with reduced Mn dissolution. In addition, graphene was added to the cathode (LiMn2O4/graphene) to enhance the electronic conductivity. The synthesized LiMn2O4/graphene exhibited an ultrahigh-rate performance of 110.4 mAh·g–1 at 50 C and an outstanding energy density at a high power density, maintaining 379.4 Wh·kg–1 at 25,293 W·kg–1. Besides, it shows durable stability, with only 0.02% decrease in the capacity per cycle at 10 C. Furthermore, the (LiMn2O4/graphene)/graphite full-cell exhibited a high discharge capacity. This work provides a promising method for the preparation of outstanding, integrated cathodes for potential applications in lithium ion batteries.
Heterozygous mutations in the gene for the Kit transmembrane receptor have been identified recently in human piebaldism and mouse "dominant spotting." Interestingly, all of the 14 known missense mutations that cause depigmentation in these species map to the tyrosine kinase domain of the receptor, whereas none have involved the extracellular ligand-binding domain. In an attempt to detect these uncommon mutations, we screened the nine exons encoding the extracellular portion of Kit for single-strand conformation polymorphisms (SSCP) in eight piebald subjects previously reported to be negative for kinase mutations. Four of these eight kindreds proved to carry novel mutations. The first mutation, found in two apparently unrelated probands with mild piebaldism and English ancestry, substitutes an arginine for a highly conserved cysteine at codon 136. This substitution disrupts a putative disulfide bond required for formation of the second Ig-like (D2) loop of the Kit ligand-binding domain. The second mutation, detected in a piebald kindred characterized by unusually limited depigmentation, substitutes a threonine for an alanine at codon 178, a site just proximal to conserved cysteines at codons 183 and 186. The third mutation, occurring in a kindred with more extensive depigmentation, is a novel four-base insertion in exon 2 that results in a proximal frameshift and premature termination. The data strongly suggest that piebaldism can result from missense mutations in the Kit ligand-binding domain, although the resulting phenotype may be milder than that observed for null or kinase mutations. The apparent clustering of these uncommon mutations at or near the conserved cysteines for the D2 Ig-like loop further suggests a critical role for this region in Kit receptor function. 相似文献
