Characterizing pathological imperfections in macromolecular crystals: lattice disorders and modulations

Macromolecular crystal structure determination can be complicated or brought to a halt by crystal imperfections. These issues motivated us to write up what we affectionately call ‘The Definitive Hitchhiker’s Guide to Pathological Macromolecular Crystals: Lattice Disorders and Modulations’. Perhaps the most challenging imperfections are lattice order–disorder phenomena and positional modulations. Many of these types of crystals have been solved, and progress has been made on the more challenging forms. Diagnostic tools and how to solve many of these problem crystal structures are reviewed. New avenues are provided for approaching the solution of incommensurately modulated crystals. There are a good number of case studies in the literature of lattice order–disorder phenomena and crystallographic modulations that make it timely to write a review. This review concludes with a projected pathway for solving incommensurately modulated crystals, personal views of future directions and needs of the crystallographic community.     

Effects of SiC particles codeposition and ultrasound agitation on the electrocrystallisation of nickel-based composite coatings

This study analysed the influence of the codeposition of SiC particles with different sizes: 50 nm, 500 nm and 5 μm, and the type of bath agitation (stirring or ultrasonic) on the electrocrystallisation of nickel coatings. The composites matrix microstructure was analysed by means of SEM, EBSD and XRD, to evaluate the grain size, crystal orientation, and internal stresses and was benchmarked against pure nickel samples electrodeposited in equivalent conditions. The codeposition of nano- and microsize particles with an approximate content of 0.8 and 4 vol.%, respectively, caused only a minor grain refinement and did not vary the dominant?<?100?>?crystal orientation observed in pure Ni. The internal stress was, however, increased by particles codeposition, up to 104 MPa by nanoparticles and 57 MPa by microparticles, compared to the values observed in pure nickel (41 MPa). The higher codeposition rate (11 vol.%) obtained by the addition of submicron-size particles caused a change in the grain growth from columnar to equiaxial, resulting in deposits with a fully random crystal orientation and pronounced grain refinement. The internal stress was also increased by 800% compared to pure nickel. The ultrasound (US) agitation during the deposition caused grain refinement and a selective particle inclusion prompting a decrease in the content of the particles with the larger particles. The deposits produced under US agitation showed an increase in the internal stresses, with double values compared to stirring. The increase in the deposits microhardness, from 280 HV in pure Ni to 560 HV in Ni/SiC submicron-US, was linked to the microstructural changes and particles content.

Graphical abstract

     

Sicherheit der Rohstoffversorgung unter dem Aspekt der nachhaltigen Entwicklung

The security of future supply with natural resources has to comply with objectives towards a sustainable and responsible development. Resources from the geosphere and recycling material from the technosphere may be grouped in a hierarchy the top of which is made up by fossil energy raw materials and of resources from occurrences which were formed by enrichment processes. The base of the hierarchy is made up by bulk raw materials which occur in unlimited amounts in the crust of the Earth and in the sea water and by waste and residues as potential raw materials. Optimising the efficiency of raw materials takes place if material from a lower level substitutes material from a higher level. Highest efficiency is reached if fossil energy from the top of the hierarchy is substituted or consumption is reduced.     

Groundwater problems in surface coal mining in Scotland

The paper reviews the problems encountered with groundwater in surface mining in Scotland. The problems which occur at various stages of the mining process from initial exploration to mine planning and final restoration are referred to. Special consideration is given to mine drainage and pumping methods.     

Universitärer Forschungscluster „Sustainable Technologies in Metal Production and Processing” (STMP)

Foundation of a university research cluster — Co-operation along the value creation chain from raw materials to components — Evidence of joint performance offers — Utilization of synergies — Integration of Christian Doppler Laboratories — Flexible arrangement of co-operations and networks     

用氮气和戊基黄药浮选时黄铁矿的低电位疏水状态

为了解释和查明N2TEC浮选法的基本原理，本文报道了在用戊基钾黄药(PAX)作捕收剂时，黄铁矿的低电位疏水状态的研究成果。新制定的N2TEC浮选法的目的是提高难处理含金硫化矿金回收率。在典型的N2TEC浮选法中，用氮气代替空气作为浮选气体，戊基钾黄药作为评选含金黄铁矿颗粒的捕收剂。l997年3月，第一个N2TEC浮选工艺在内华达州Lone Tree矿山浮选厂投产，一直操作至今。根据电化学校制接触角测量结果，研究了黄铁矿的低电位、低pH疏水状态与浮选变量(pH、气相组成、捕收剂浓度和黄铁矿电位)之间的关系。     

Minimierung der Umbauzeiten bei Stahlwerksmodernisierungen am Beispiel eines Stranggießanlagen-Umbaues

In November 2000 the Belgian stainless steel producer UGINE & ALZ Belgium nv, a company of the Arcelor Group, awarded VAI a contract for the upgrading and expansion of their steelmaking plant. The overall project included the revamping and supply of new equipment and systems for the steelmaking, continuous casting and environmental protection facilities. An essential part of this ambitious modernization program was the upgrading and expansion of the existing single-strand slab caster, with an output of 600 000 t/a, to a combined single- or twin-strand slab caster with a nominal production capacity of 1.2 million tons — the world’s largest stainless steel slab caster. All upgrading and installation activities had to be carried out within an extremely tight caster shut-down period of 21 days only in order to minimize production losses. This paper discusses the innovative project management solutions implemented in combination with extensive preassembly activities and workshop testing to assure the successful outcome of this project.