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1.
The morphological evolution of hillocks at the unpassivated sidewalls of single-crystal metallic thin film interconnects is investigated via computer simulations using the free-moving boundary value problem. The effect of drift-diffusion anisotropy on the development of surface topographical scenarios is fully explored under the action of electromigration and capillary forces, utilizing numerous combinations of the surface texture, the drift-diffusion anisotropy and the direction of the applied electric field. The simulation studies yield analytical relationships for the velocity of the surface solitary waves and the drift velocity of electromigration-induced internal voids as a function of the applied current densities, which contain intrinsic and structural properties of the single-crystal thin films. The threshold value of the applied current density, above which electromigration-induced internal voids can be formed and may cause the catastrophic failure of interconnects by breaching, also appears explicitly in this relationship. 相似文献
2.
The effect of fibre orientation on the dry sliding wear of continuous B(SiC) fibre reinforced aluminium alloy composites was investigated using a pin-on-disc wear testing machine. The metal-matrix composites (MMC) samples were tested in the normal (N), parallel (P) and antiparallel (AP) orientations sliding against a steel counter disc at a fixed speed of 1 m s–1 under loads of from 12 to 60 N.The results showed that for the matrix alloy and MMCs, the average wear increased linearly with load. Wear of the MMCs was insensitive to fibre content but for composites with fibre contents at or above the minimum of 16 vol% used for this work, the wear rate was about 18% of that of the unreinforced matrix. Fibre orientation had a minor effect on wear rate; the N orientation gave the lowest wear rate with the AP orientation slightly higher and the P orientation significantly higher.The average coefficients of friction of the MMCs in N and AP orientations decreased linearly with increased wear rate and non-linearly with increased load, but the P orientation was insensitive to either variable.It was concluded from these results and a metallographic examination that the mechanism of wear of MMCs was essentially oxidative wear of the matrix. The hard fibres modified this to slightly different degrees depending on their orientation relative to the wear surface and sliding direction. 相似文献
3.
We show how to construct pseudo-random permutations that satisfy a certain cycle restriction, for example that the permutation
be cyclic (consisting of one cycle containing all the elements) or an involution (a self-inverse permutation) with no fixed
points. The construction can be based on any (unrestricted) pseudo-random permutation. The resulting permutations are defined
succinctly and their evaluation at a given point is efficient. Furthermore, they enjoy a fast forward property, i.e. it is possible to iterate them at a very small cost.
Received 10 August 2000 and revised 30 September 2000 Online publication 9 April 2001 相似文献
4.
Thermodynamic analysis of solar photovoltaic cell systems 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Ahmet Duran Sahin Ibrahim Dincer Marc A. Rosen 《Solar Energy Materials & Solar Cells》2007,91(2-3):153-159
The thermodynamic characteristics of solar photovoltaic (PV) cells are investigated from a perspective based on exergy. A new efficiency is developed that is useful in studying PV performance and possible improvements. Exergy analysis is applied to a PV system and its components, and exergy flows, losses and efficiencies are evaluated. Energy efficiency is seen to vary between 7% and 12% during the day. In contrast, exergy efficiencies, which incorporate the second law of thermodynamics and account for solar irradiation exergy values, are lower for electricity generation using the considered PV system, ranging from 2% to 8%. Values of “fill factors” are determined for the system and observed to be similar to values of exergy efficiency. 相似文献
5.
S. Nourbakhsh W. H. Rhee O. Sahin H. Margolin 《Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A》1994,25(7):1501-1507
A series of single-crystal Al2O3-fiber-reinforced Ni3Al-based intermetallic matrix composites were fabricated by pressure casting. The matrices employed were
binary Ni3Al, Ni3Al-0.5 at. pct Cr, and Ni3Al-0.34 at. pct Zr. The development of microstructure upon oxidation in air at either 1100 °C or 1200 °C was investigated
by optical, scanning, and transmission electron microscopy. In air-oxidized binary Ni3Al, some of the fibers were fully or partially covered with a layer of oxide. A weak fiber/matrix bond in this system, which
led to fiber debonding during composite processing, is believed to be responsible for the ingress of O into the composite
and oxidation of the matrix in the debonded regions at the fiber/matrix interface. Addition of Cr to Ni3Al resulted in an almost threefold increase in fiber/matrix bond strength. No oxidation of the interface was observed. A thick
layer of oxide was formed around all the fibers when the composite was thermally cycled prior to isothermal annealing. Addition
of Zr to Ni3Al resulted in the formation of a layer of ZrO2 on the surface of the fibers during composite processing. The ZrO2 layer provided a fast path for the diffusion of O, which led to the formation of a rootlike oxide structure around the fibers.
The rootlike structure consisted of a network of Al2O3-covered ZrO2. 相似文献
6.
When a failure or replacement process is modeled as a renewal process, the residual life of the unit in use at a given time is generally referred to as the forward recurrence time (RT). Distributional properties of this random variable are critically important in many applications. This paper investigates the extent to which the failure-rate function monotonicity of a life distribution is inherited by the forward RT distribution at time s of its renewal process. For DFR life distributions, the forward RT distribution is also DFR for every s⩾0. However, the corresponding property does not necessarily hold for IFR life distributions. The forward RT distribution is IFR in the limit as s→0 and as s→∞. For IFR Weibull life distributions, we demonstrate numerically that the forward RT distribution is IFR for small s. As s is increased, it alternates between being IFR and non-IFR in an interesting cyclical pattern, and remains IFR beyond a large enough s 相似文献
7.
Journal of Electronic Materials - Low pressure chemical vapor deposition (LPCVD) of tungsten (W) by SiH4 reduction of WF6 on Si(100) surfaces was studied in a single-wafer, cold-wall reactor over a... 相似文献
8.
The Journal of Supercomputing - This research presents the detection and mitigation of distributed denial of service (DDoS) in software defined networks (SDN). The proposed method consists of three... 相似文献
9.
Given an array ofn input numbers, therange-maxima problem is that of preprocessing the data so that queries of the type what is the maximum value in subarray [i..j] can be answered quickly using one processor. We present a randomized preprocessing algorithm that runs inO(log*
n) time with high probability, using an optimal number of processors on a CRCW PRAM; each query can be processed in constant time by one processor. We also present a randomized algorithm for a parallel comparison model. Using an optimal number of processors, the preprocessing algorithm runs inO( (n)) time with high probability; each query can be processed inO ( (n)) time by one processor. (As is standard, (n) is the inverse of Ackermann function.) A constant time query can be achieved by some slowdown in the performance of the preprocessing stage. 相似文献
10.
Gert Roebben Omer Van der Biest Diletta Sciti Alida Bellosi Corneliu Sarbu Tom Lauwagie 《Journal of the American Ceramic Society》2005,88(8):2152-2158
Detailed stiffness and internal friction ( Q −1 ) versus temperature curves were obtained for liquid-phase-sintered silicon carbides using advanced resonant beam analysis up to 1400°C. As-sintered materials display a stable Q −1 -peak near 1100°C, superimposed on an increasing background. The change of stiffness associated with the damping peak is quantitatively related to the amount of matter in pockets of the amorphous intergranular phase in which the refractory SiC matrix grains are embedded. The successful removal of the amorphous pockets by annealing at 1900°C is deduced from the disappearance of the damping peak and confirmed with transmission electron microscopy. 相似文献