A Distributed State Estimator Utilizing Synchronized Phasor Measurements

With the creation of balancing authorities by the North American Reliability Council that span large portions of the North American interconnection, and stringent requirements for real time monitoring of power system evolution, faster and more accurate state estimation algorithms that can efficiently handle systems of very large sizes are needed in the present environment. This paper presents a distributed state estimation algorithm suitable for large-scale power systems. Synchronized phasor measurements are applied to aggregate the voltage phase angles of each decomposed subsystem in the distributed state estimation solution. The aggregated state estimation solution is obtained from the distributed solution using a sensitivity analysis based update at chosen boundary buses. Placement of synchronized phasor measurements in the decomposed subsystems is also investigated in this paper. Test results on the IEEE 118-bus test bed are provided     

Flocculation morphology: effect of particulate shape and coagulant species on flocculation.

Flocculation morphology is a new concept that investigates the morphological characteristics of colloidal particles and coagulants in water during the flocculation process, and the influence that these characteristics have on flocculation process efficiency. This paper is a summary of advances in research on this topic over several years. Morphological characteristics of colloids in natural waters and different kinds of hydrolysed coagulants are investigated, and their effect on colloid stability, flocculation kinetics and efficiency is analysed. It is confirmed that the traditional theory has some deviations in coagulation of nonspherical particles, and these deviations are revised by the flocculation morphology model. Flocculation morphology can not only promote research about flocculation theory, but also instruct the production, application and flocculation control. It can be foreseen that more progress will be made in research and application of flocculation morphology in the near future.     

Modeling electromigration lifetime under bidirectional currentstress

Electromigration reliability of interconnect under bidirectional current stress has been studied in a wide frequency range (mHz to 200 MHz). Experimental results show that the AC lifetime rises with the stress current frequency. The current density exponent and the activation energy of AC lifetime are found to be twice that of DC lifetime. Pure AC current stress failure at extremely high current density is believed to result from thermal migration of metal at hot/cold transition points     

Comparison of Displacement and Mixing Diffusers

In order to cumpare the peformance of different supply diffuers of ventilation air, the airflow passern, temperature stratifiation and contaminant dispersion in a furnitured office ventilated by three kinds of air diffuer were numerically investigated. The air diffuers studied in this paper are a quarter-cylinder displacement diffuer on the floor and mixing diffuers (linear and vortex diffuers) on the ceiling. The heat sources in the of-fice are considered to be 50% convective and 50% radiative. The k-? two-equatwn model of turbulence is employed to predict the turbulent diffusion. The results show that the displacement diffuser provides a rather uniform flow field with low velocify in most areas, and the vertical temperature difference from floor to ceiling is as high as 6 K. With the linear diffuser, the air velociry is high, and the temperature is uniform both horizontally and vertically. The air velocity generated by the vortex diffuser is moderate. The distributions of the temperature and the contaminant are rather uniform.     

一种实验炼钢渣的穆斯堡尔谱研究

一种实验炼钢渣不同炉次样品的室温透射穆斯堡尔谱由两组裂距较大的四极分裂双峰和一组裂距较小的双峰组成，它们分别相应于具有不同微观环境的Ｆｅ＾２＋和Ｆｅ＾３＋。参照文献中已知ＦｅｘＯ的穆斯堡尔谱数据，可确定该渣中的主要含铁相为ＦｅｘＯ。Ｘ射线衍射相分析给出相同的结果。按亚谱的面积比计算出Ｆｅ＾２＋和Ｆｅ＾３＋的相对含量分别为８５％和１５％左右。进一步选取与样品晶体结构相联系的原子簇模型。用ＭＳ－Ｘａ方     

A Microfluidic Device to Acquire Gaseous Samples Via Surface Tension Held Gas-Liquid Interface

We present a relatively simple and effective method for acquiring gaseous samples into microfluidic channels. Hydrophobic polymers are photopatterned on hydrophilic substrates. Due to surface tension, aqueous liquid is confined by the hydrophobic polymers, but not completely blocked by a physical wall, thus allowing an interface for gas-liquid interaction. Here, the mechanism is demonstrated by using hydrophobic (poly)iso-bornyl acrylate polymer patterns on hydrophilic glass substrates, and through a Nessler's reagent-ammonia reaction that exhibits changes in color and electrical resistance.