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1.
The stereausis model of biological auditory processing is proposed as a representation that encodes both binaural and spectral information in a unified framework. A working analog VLSI chip that implements this model of early auditory processing in the brain is described. The chip is a 100000-transistor integrated circuit that computes the stereausis representation in real time, using continuous-time analog processing. The chip receives two audio inputs, representing sound entering the two ears, computes the stereausis representation, and generates output signals that can directly drive a color CRT display. Outputs from the chips for a variety of artificial and speech stimuli are shown. 相似文献
2.
Rahul Sarpeshkar Richard F. Lyon Carver Mead 《Analog Integrated Circuits and Signal Processing》1998,16(3):245-274
Low-power wide-dynamic-range systems are extremely hard to build. The biological cochlea is one of the most awesome examples of such a system: It can sense sounds over 12 orders of magnitude in intensity, with an estimated power dissipation of only a few tens of microwatts. In this paper, we describe an analog electronic cochlea that processes sounds over 6 orders of magnitude in intensity, and that dissipates 0.5 mW. This 117-stage, 100 Hz to 10 KHz cochlea has the widest dynamic range of any artificial cochlea built to date. The wide dynamic range is attained through the use of a wide-linear-range transconductance amplifier, of a low-noise filter topology, of dynamic gain control (AGC) at each cochlear stage, and of an architecture that we refer to as overlapping cochlear cascades. The operation of the cochlea is made robust through the use of automatic offset-compensation circuitry. A BiCMOS circuit approach helps us to attain nearly scale-invariant behavior and good matching at all frequencies. The synthesis and analysis of our artificial cochlea yields insight into why the human cochlea uses an active traveling-wave mechanism to sense sounds, instead of using bandpass filters. The low power, wide dynamic range, and biological realism make our cochlea well suited as a front end for cochlear implants. 相似文献
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Bianca Stoean Dumitrita Rugina Monica Focsan Ana-Maria Craciun MÎdÎlina Nistor Tamas Lovasz Alexandru Turza Ioan-Dan Porumb Emese Gl Castelia Cristea Luminita Silaghi-Dumitrescu Simion Astilean Luiza Ioana Gaina 《International journal of molecular sciences》2021,22(6)
We report here the synthesis and structural characterization of novel cationic (phenothiazinyl)vinyl-pyridinium (PVP) dyes, together with optical (absorption/emission) properties and their potential applicability as fluorescent labels. Convective heating, ultrasound irradiation and mechanochemical synthesis were considered as alternative synthetic methodologies proficient for overcoming drawbacks such as long reaction time, nonsatisfactory yields or solvent requirements in the synthesis of novel dye (E)-1-(3-chloropropyl)-4-(2-(10-methyl-10H-phenothiazin-3-yl)vinyl)pyridin-1-ium bromide 3d and its N-alkyl-2-methylpyridinium precursor 1c. The trans geometry of the newly synthesized (E)-4-(2-(7-bromo-10-ethyl-10H-phenothiazin-3-yl)vinyl)-1-methylpyridin-1-ium iodide 3b and (E)-1-methyl-4-(2-(10-methyl-10H-phenothiazin-3-yl)vinyl)pyridin-1-ium tetrafluoroborate 3a′ was confirmed by single crystal X-ray diffraction. A negative solvatochromism of the dyes in polar solvents was highlighted by UV-Vis spectroscopy and explanatory insights were supported by molecular modeling which suggested a better stabilization of the lowest unoccupied molecular orbitals (LUMO). The photostability of the dye 3b was investigated by irradiation at 365 nm in different solvents, while the steady-state and time-resolved fluorescence properties of dye 3b and 3a′ in solid state were evaluated under one-photon excitation at 485 nm. The in vitro cytotoxicity of the new PVP dyes on B16-F10 melanoma cells was evaluated by WST-1 assay, while their intracellular localization was assessed by epi-fluorescence conventional microscopy imaging as well as one- and two-photon excited confocal fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM). PVP dyes displayed low cytotoxicity, good internalization inside melanoma cells and intense fluorescence emission inside the B16-F10 murine melanoma cells, making them suitable staining agents for imaging applications. 相似文献
6.
Larisa Anghel Radu Sascu Ioana Mdlina Zota Cristian Sttescu 《International journal of molecular sciences》2021,22(11)
Non-ischemic dilated cardiomyopathy encompasses a wide spectrum of myocardial disorders, characterized by left ventricular dilatation with systolic impairment and increased risk of sudden cardiac death. In spite of all the therapeutic progress that has been made in recent years, dilated cardiomyopathy continues to be an important cause of cardiac transplant, being associated with an enormous cost burden for health care systems worldwide. Predicting the prognosis of patients with dilated cardiomyopathy is essential to individualize treatment. Late gadolinium enhancement-cardiac magnetic resonance imaging, microvolt T-wave alternans, and genetic testing have emerged as powerful tools in predicting sudden cardiac death occurrence and maximizing patient’s selection. Despite all these new diagnostic modalities, additional tests to complement or replace current tools are required for better risk stratification. Therefore, biomarkers are an easy and important tool that can help to detect patients at risk of adverse cardiovascular events. Additionally, identifying potential biomarkers involved in dilated cardiomyopathy can provide us important information regarding the diagnostic, prognostic, risk stratification, and response to treatment for these patients. Many potential biomarkers have been studied in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy, but only a few have been adopted in current practice. Therefore, the aim of our review is to provide the clinicians with an update on the well-known and novel biomarkers that can be useful for risk stratification of patients with non-ischemic dilated cardiomyopathy. 相似文献
7.
H. W. Mead C. E. Birchenall 《JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society》1957,9(7):874-877
The self-diffusion coefficients of gold in pure gold and alloys of gold and silver have been measured over a range of temperatures. Chemical interdiffusion coefficients have been measured on pure metal and incremental couples, but are of lower accuracy because of the development of porosity. The results are compared with earlier work and internally on the basis of Darken’s equations. 相似文献
8.
A theoretical DFT study was employed to confirm the Kolbe-Schmitt reaction mechanism and investigate solvent effects on this reaction. The use of a solvent in the Kolbe-Schmitt reaction is desirable to facilitate a homogeneous reaction mixture and potentially improve the reaction rate. The candidate solvents were designed using computer aided molecular design (CAMD) and tested using DFT solvation calculations. The results from the quantum mechanical calculations were then used to determine the rate constants for each elementary step, the overall reaction yields and the corresponding residence time. The methodology was tested on the reaction without solvent, with solvents reported in the literature, and with the designed solvents. The study revealed that in the presence of solvents with high dielectric constant the reaction becomes reversible, leading to low product yields. 相似文献
9.
To improve the performance of scientific applications with parallel loops, dynamic loop scheduling methods have been proposed.
Such methods address performance degradations due to load imbalance caused by predictable phenomena like nonuniform data distribution
or algorithmic variance, and unpredictable phenomena such as data access latency or operating system interference. In particular,
methods such as factoring, weighted factoring, adaptive weighted factoring, and adaptive factoring have been developed based
on a probabilistic analysis of parallel loop iterates with variable running times. These methods have been successfully implemented
in a number of applications such as: N-Body and Monte Carlo simulations, computational fluid dynamics, and radar signal processing.
The focus of this paper is on adaptive weighted factoring (AWF), a method that was designed for scheduling parallel loops
in time-stepping scientific applications. The main contribution of the paper is to relax the time-stepping requirement, a
modification that allows the AWF to be used in any application with a parallel loop. The modification further allows the AWF
to adapt to load imbalance that may occur during loop execution. Results of experiments to compare the performance of the
modified AWF with the performance of the other loop scheduling methods in the context of three nontrivial applications reveal
that the performance of the modified method is comparable to, and in some cases, superior to the performance of the most recently
introduced adaptive factoring method.
相似文献
Ioana BanicescuEmail: |
10.
This paper presents a diagnostic methodology relying on a set-membership approach for fault detection and on a causal model for fault isolation. Set-membership methods are a promising approach to fault detection because they take into account a priori knowledge of model uncertainties and measurement errors. Every uncertain model parameter and/or measurement is represented by a bounded variable. In this paper, detection consists of verifying the membership of measurements to an interval. First order discrete time models are used and their output is explicitly computed with interval arithmetic. Fault isolation relies on a causal analysis and the exoneration principle, which allows focusing the consistency tests on simple local models. The isolation strategy consists of two steps: performing minimal tests found with the causal graph and determining on line additional relevant tests that reduce the final diagnosis. An application for a nuclear process is used in order to illustrate the method's efficiency. 相似文献