全文获取类型
收费全文 | 31355篇 |
免费 | 1452篇 |
国内免费 | 137篇 |
专业分类
电工技术 | 494篇 |
综合类 | 237篇 |
化学工业 | 5378篇 |
金属工艺 | 825篇 |
机械仪表 | 738篇 |
建筑科学 | 872篇 |
矿业工程 | 147篇 |
能源动力 | 686篇 |
轻工业 | 4342篇 |
水利工程 | 229篇 |
石油天然气 | 148篇 |
武器工业 | 10篇 |
无线电 | 1672篇 |
一般工业技术 | 5744篇 |
冶金工业 | 7445篇 |
原子能技术 | 181篇 |
自动化技术 | 3796篇 |
出版年
2023年 | 322篇 |
2022年 | 317篇 |
2021年 | 710篇 |
2020年 | 593篇 |
2019年 | 513篇 |
2018年 | 985篇 |
2017年 | 893篇 |
2016年 | 1005篇 |
2015年 | 853篇 |
2014年 | 1022篇 |
2013年 | 1958篇 |
2012年 | 1459篇 |
2011年 | 1493篇 |
2010年 | 1250篇 |
2009年 | 1219篇 |
2008年 | 1360篇 |
2007年 | 1262篇 |
2006年 | 910篇 |
2005年 | 730篇 |
2004年 | 551篇 |
2003年 | 508篇 |
2002年 | 458篇 |
2001年 | 361篇 |
2000年 | 339篇 |
1999年 | 485篇 |
1998年 | 2336篇 |
1997年 | 1402篇 |
1996年 | 993篇 |
1995年 | 598篇 |
1994年 | 476篇 |
1993年 | 428篇 |
1992年 | 183篇 |
1991年 | 185篇 |
1990年 | 158篇 |
1989年 | 165篇 |
1988年 | 158篇 |
1987年 | 164篇 |
1986年 | 147篇 |
1985年 | 223篇 |
1984年 | 184篇 |
1983年 | 166篇 |
1982年 | 132篇 |
1981年 | 178篇 |
1980年 | 178篇 |
1979年 | 125篇 |
1978年 | 105篇 |
1977年 | 224篇 |
1976年 | 491篇 |
1975年 | 87篇 |
1973年 | 115篇 |
排序方式: 共有10000条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
H Daims F Maixner S Lücker K Stoecker K Hace M Wagner 《Water science and technology》2006,54(1):21-27
Nitrite-oxidizing bacteria of the genus Nitrospira are key nitrifiers in wastewater treatment plants. Pure cultures of these organisms are unavailable, but cultivation-independent molecular methods make it possible to detect Nitrospira-like bacteria in environmental samples and to investigate their ecophysiology. Comprehensive screening of natural and engineered habitats and of public databases for 16S rRNA sequences of Nitrospira-like bacteria revealed a surprisingly high biodiversity in the genus Nitrospira, which comprises at least four phylogenetic sublineages. All Nitrospira-like bacteria detected in wastewater treatment plants belonged to the sublineages I and II. Subsequently, the population dynamics of different Nitrospira-like bacteria were monitored, by quantitative fluorescence in situ hybridization with rRNA-targeted probes, confocal laser scanning microscopy and digital image analysis, during incubation of nitrifying activated sludge in media containing different nitrite concentrations. These experiments showed that Nitrospira-like bacteria, which were affiliated with the phylogenetic sublineages I or II of the genus Nitrospira, responded differently to nitrite concentration shifts. Previously unknown properties of Nitrospira-like bacteria were discovered in the course of an environmental genomics project. Implications of the obtained results for fundamental understanding of the microbial ecology of nitrite oxidizers as well as for future improvement of nutrient removal in wastewater treatment plants are discussed. 相似文献
2.
3.
Gundolf Kiefer Helko Lehmann Jürgen Weese 《IEEE transactions on information technology in biomedicine》2006,10(2):385-394
Maximum intensity projections (MIPs) are an important visualization technique for angiographic data sets. Efficient data inspection requires frame rates of at least five frames per second at preserved image quality. Despite the advances in computer technology, this task remains a challenge. On the one hand, the sizes of computed tomography and magnetic resonance images are increasing rapidly. On the other hand, rendering algorithms do not automatically benefit from the advances in processor technology, especially for large data sets. This is due to the faster evolving processing power and the slower evolving memory access speed, which is bridged by hierarchical cache memory architectures. In this paper, we investigate memory access optimization methods and use them for generating MIPs on general-purpose central processing units (CPUs) and graphics processing units (GPUs), respectively. These methods can work on any level of the memory hierarchy, and we show that properly combined methods can optimize memory access on multiple levels of the hierarchy at the same time. We present performance measurements to compare different algorithm variants and illustrate the influence of the respective techniques. On current hardware, the efficient handling of the memory hierarchy for CPUs improves the rendering performance by a factor of 3 to 4. On GPUs, we observed that the effect is even larger, especially for large data sets. The methods can easily be adjusted to different hardware specifics, although their impact can vary considerably. They can also be used for other rendering techniques than MIPs, and their use for more general image processing task could be investigated in the future. 相似文献
4.
Separation tests using hollow-fibre modules were performed for the difficult selective extraction of trivalent actinides over fission lanthanides from acidic media. This article shows that with 2,6-di(5,6-dipropyl-1,2,4-triazin-3-yl)pyridine as the extractant, up to 94% americium could be extracted from 1.0 kmol/m3 HNO3, with minimal lanthanide co-extraction. Using a synergistic mixture of bis(chlorophenyl)dithiophosphinic acid and tri-n-octyl phosphine oxide, tests were performed on extraction, lanthanide scrubbing and stripping. In the extraction test, up to 99.99% americium could be extracted from 0.5 kmol/m3 HNO3, with approximately one third of the lanthanides being co-extracted. Mass transfer calculations using a consistent set of input data showed good agreement with the experiments. 相似文献
5.
Daniela M. Nevskaia Maria Luisa Rojas Cervantes Antonio Guerrero Ruíz Juan de Dios Lpez Gonzlez 《Journal of chemical technology and biotechnology (Oxford, Oxfordshire : 1986)》1995,63(3):249-256
Adsorption of Triton X-100 on various silica substrates has been investigated. A number of solids, including a natural quartz, this quartz washed with HCl acid and subsequently heated at 1273 K; two aerosils and one Kieselgel silicas were studied. These solids exhibit surface areas in the range of 5 to 430 m2 g?1. All the Triton adsorption isotherms display an S-shape at the adsorption temperatures studied (298 and 308 K). It has been found that the pretreatments of natural quartz (by water washing, impurities removed by acid and/or high temperature calcination) affect considerably the amounts of TX-100 adsorbed. Measurements of surface composition have been made by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) with particular emphasis on the presence of impurities and on the number of OH groups at the surface of the samples. The nature of the surface hydroxyl has also been studied by infrared spectroscopy. Furthermore, the specific number of hydroxyl groups on the surface of the silica samples has been determined by thermogravimetric analysis. Finally an attempt to correlate solid surface characteristics with adsorption isotherms has been developed. 相似文献
6.
The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) is an immunologically important group of genes that appears to be under natural as well as sexual selection. Several hypotheses suggest that certain MHC-allele combinations (usually heterozygous ones) are superior under selective pressure by pathogens. This could influence mate choice in a way that preferences function to create MHC-heterozygous offspring, or that they function to create specific allele combinations that are beneficial under the current environmental conditions through their complementary or epistatic effects. To test these hypotheses, we asked 121 men and women to score the odours of six T-shirts, worn by two women and four men. Their scorings of pleasantness correlated negatively with the degree of MHC similarity between smeller and T-shirt-wearer in men and women who were not using the contraceptive pill (but not in Pill-users). Depending on the T-shirt-wearer, the amount of variance in the scorings of odour pleasantness that was explained by the degree of MHC similarity (r2) varied between nearly 0 and 23%. There was no apparent effect of gender in this correlation: the highest r2 was actually reached with one of the male odours sniffed by male smellers. Men and women who were reminded of their own mate/ex-mate when sniffing a T-shirt had significantly fewer MHC-alleles in common with this T-shirt-wearer than expected by chance. This suggests that the MHC or linked genes influence human mate choice. We found no significant effect when we tested for an influence of the MHC on odour preferences after the degree of similarity between T-shirt-wearer and smeller was statistically controlled for. This suggests that in our study populations the MHC influences body odour preferences mainly, if not exclusively, by the degree of similarity or dissimilarity. The observed preferences would increase heterozygosity in the progeny. They do not seem to aim for more specific MHC combinations. 相似文献
7.
In order to observe the transport ability of peritoneum to small molecular substances, peritoneal equilibration test (PET) was performed in 52 CAPD patients. By analysing the relationship between peritoneal transport function and dialysis adequacy, we found the average urea KT/V and Cr were significantly lower in high and low transport groups (n = 6 and n = 2) than in high average and low average groups (n = 35 and n = 9). According to the results of PET, we adjusted the dialysis program of 11 patients and the dialysis adequacy was markedly improved. We concluded that PET was helpful for selecting and adjusting CAPD program, and discussed some questions which should be payed more attention in PET operation. 相似文献
8.
JM Shin M Kajimura JM Argüello JH Kaplan G Sachs 《Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly》1994,269(36):22533-22537
The transmembrane segments of sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+)-ATPase were determined by trypsinization of cytoplasmic side-out intact sarcoplasmic reticulum vesicles. The membrane portion of tryptic digest comprising the transmembrane fragments, joined by the intravesicular segments, was separated by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis after labeling with fluorescein 5-maleimide in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate. In this way, seven fluorescent bands of tryptic fragments below 11 kDa were observed which were derived from 4 pairs of membrane spanning segments and one hydrophobic sequence at the C-terminal end. Two peptides of 10.8 and 10.6 kDa had the identical N-terminal sequence beginning at Glu826, representing the transmembrane segments M7 and M8 and their connecting loop. A band at 8.1 kDa contained one peptide beginning at Tyr36 (M1/loop/M2). A 7.7-kDa peptide starting at Leu253 (M3/loop/M4) and a 7.3-kDa peptide beginning at Ala752 (M5/loop/M6) were also observed. A band at 6.7 kDa contained two peptides, one beginning at Ser48 (M1/loop/M2) and another beginning at Tyr763 (M5/loop/M6). In addition, a 4-kDa peptide beginning at Met925 was observed. The size of this peptide did not allow for a complete pair of transmembrane segments, but this peptide could have been derived from trypsinolysis between the last pair of membrane spanning segments. These data therefore provide biochemical evidence for at least 8 transmembrane segments and perhaps two more at the C-terminal end of the enzyme. 相似文献
9.
A mixed mode digital/analog special purpose VLSI hardware implementation of an associative memory with neural architecture is presented. The memory concept is based on a matrix architecture with binary storage elements holding the connection weights. To enhance the processing speed analog circuit techniques are applied to implement the algorithm for the association. To keep the memory density as high as possible two design strategies are considered. First, the number of transistors per storage element is kept to a minimum. In this paper a circuit technique that uses a single 6-transistor cell for weight storage and analog signal processing is proposed. Second, the device precision has been chosen to a moderate level to save area as much as possible. Since device mismatch limits the performance of analog circuits, the impact of device precision on the circuit performance is explicitly discussed. It is shown that the device precision limits the number of rows activated in parallel. Since the input vector as well as the output vector are considered to be sparsely coded it is concluded, that even for large matrices the proposed circuit technique is appropriate and ultra large scale integration with a large number of connection weights is feasible. 相似文献
10.
Hans-Jürgen Odenthal Herbert Pfeifer Ina Lemanowicz Rainer Gorissen 《Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B》2002,33(2):163-172
The present work describes quantitative digital particle image velocimetry measurements of a full-scale water model of a thin
slab mold. Different casting speeds and two submerged entry nozzles with one and two outlet ports have been investigated.
The flow pattern of the single-port nozzle shows a counterclockwise-rotating double vortex that is nearly steady-state but
leads to high stationary surface waves. The flow jets out of the two-port nozzle oscillate and produce a transient flow pattern
with low wave amplitudes. The amplitudes for the one-port nozzle show a linear variation with the volumetric flow rate. The
experimental results lead to a good interpretation of the flow phenomena and are used to validate steady-state numerical simulations
with the commercial program, CFX, on the basis of the Reynolds equations. To describe anisotropic turbulence effects, the
Reynolds stress model (RSM) is used for the flat single-port nozzle and the standard k-ɛ model for the mold flow. The calculated mean velocities and wave amplitudes, predicted from pressure distribution at the
water surface, are generally in the consensus of the experimental data.
An erratum to this article is available at . 相似文献