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1.
ZnO-based varistor samples were prepared by the direct mixing of the constituent phases (DMCP) and sintering at 1100 °C for 2 h. The influence of the starting powder mixture's composition – the amounts of the pre-reacted varistor compounds and their composition – and its preparation, either with or without mechano-chemical activation (MCA), on the microstructure, phase composition and electrical characteristics of the varistor samples was studied. It showed that MCA improved the density and microstructural homogeneity of the varistor samples. MCA strongly affected the grain growth: it enhanced the nucleation of inversion boundaries (IBs) in the ZnO grains and the IBs-induced grain-growth mechanism resulted in uniform grain growth and hence a microstructure with smaller ZnO grains and a narrower grain size distribution. The final phase composition of the samples prepared by the DMCP method mainly depended on the presence of varistor dopants that can prevent the formation of the pyrochlore phase, especially Cr2O3, while MCA can affect it mostly by providing a homogeneous distribution of those dopants. The DMCP varistor samples prepared with MCA had much better current–voltage characteristics than the samples of the same composition prepared from unactivated powders.  相似文献   
2.
The polyesterification and isomerization reaction of 1,6-hexane diol and maleic anydride in a melt without catalyst was studied by 13C and 1H n.m.r. spectroscopy. The structure and concentration of oligoester species during the polyesterification and isomerization were determined depending on the reaction temperature and time. According to the number and configuration of repeating units determined from 1H n.m.r. spectra kinetics of both reactions were also considered. The degree of isomerization is continuously increasing in the investigated reaction range.  相似文献   
3.
This paper presents research results on the causes of a severe concrete deterioration, which occurred in many building foundations approximately 2 years after construction. Concrete samples were investigated with X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and a petrographic examination performed with a stereomicroscope. It was found that the early cracking of concrete stemmed from the oxidation of the pyrrhotite found in the anorthosite aggregates used to produce the concrete. The oxidation process led to the precipitation of iron hydroxides having a higher volume than the original pyrrhotite does. The presence of micas (biotite) close to the pyrrhotite seemed to promote and accelerate the oxidation process.  相似文献   
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Psammoma bodies (PBs) are one of many choroids plexus aging changes. The aim of our research was to perform the quantification of PBs' presence in human choroids plexus stroma, as well as to evaluate the characteristics of choroids plexus stroma in cases in which PBs were present. Afterwards, the observations of the histochemical analysis would be confirmed by immunohistochemical analysis. Choroid plexuses of 30 cadavers were used for the histochemical and, choroids plexuses of 15 cadavers in which PBs' presence was confirmed during the histochemical analysis, were used as material for the immunohistochemical analysis. Light microscopy, histochemical, immunohistochemical, and morphometric method were applied during the study. Classification of the cases was performed by cluster analysis. We observed increase of choroids plexus PBs' presence during the aging process. But this increase is not linear. Their presence is the largest in the second cluster that is younger than the third and older than the first. Nuclear morphometric parameters of the stroma in these cases showed that the cellular composition in this cluster is different than in other two and, that contain larger number of lymphoid cells. Immunohistochemical analysis showed PBs' positive reaction on vimentin, CD45R0, and LCA markers, while in their vicinity, as well as inside them, numerous T-cells were observed. So, the presence of CD45R0 and LCA-positive T cells, PBs' positive reaction on the same markers, indirectly connect these cells with PBs' formation process.  相似文献   
6.
A theoretical analysis was carried out on the change of composition of a deposit obtained by the dual pulse method of forming laminar metal foils, with transition from a low current to a high current pulse, both in the galvanostatic and the potentiostatic mode of deposition. It was shown that the existence of a transition layer of varying composition between a layer of pure metal 1 and a layer consisting predominantly of the metal 2 is an inherent consequence of the electrochemical process, primarily because of an induction period in the concentration polarization with respect to ions of metal 1. The importance of this transition layer increases as the thickness of the layers of the two metals decreases. Eventually this limits the possibility of obtaining a sharp boundary between the layers, when the nanometre region of layer thickness is reached. Equations are given for calculating the deposition current density and rate of stirring of the electrolyte which provide a deposit of a required level of metal 1 in the layer of metal 2, as well as a required sharpness of the boundary between two layers. Experimental proof of the correctness of the analysis was sought. It was found that significant changes in the properties of the deposit occur in the same range of layer thickness in which the transition of the composition takes places.Nomenclature c,1, ac,2 transfer coefficient of the cathodic processes - C interfacial capacitance - C1, C2 concentration of the ions of metals 1 and 2 at the interface r - C 0 1 , C 0 2 concentration of ions of the metals 1 and 2 in solution - D 1 diffusion coefficient for the diffusion of ions of the metal 1 - E r,1,E r,2 reversible potentials of metals 1 and 2, respectively - F the Faraday constant - J 0 1 ,J 0 2 exchange current density of the metals 1 and 2, respectively - M 1,M 2 atomic weights of the metals 1 and 2, respectively - kinematic viscosity of solution - 1, 2 densities of the metals 1 and 2 respectively - rotation speed (r.p.s.) - z number of electrons exchanged in the deposition process This paper is dedicated to Professor Brian E. Conway on the occasion of his 65th birthday, and in recognition of his outstanding contribution to electrochemistry.  相似文献   
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This paper presents the concept of decomposition as applied to the control synthesis of multivariable mechanical systems, in which the coupling among the subsystems can be very strong. The system class considered contains subsystems with powered degrees of freedom, as well as subsystems without their own actuators. Global control is introduced to diminish the influence of coupling on the stability of the whole system. The procedure is illustrated by simulation of two examples, one in robotics, the other in biomechanics.  相似文献   
9.
This paper deals with modelling and performance of adjustable speed drives (ASDs) subjected to voltage disturbances in electric supply. The aim of this study was to develop appropriate models of typical ASD and investigate their sensitivity to voltage disturbances under various practical modes of operation and control. Accordingly, scalar controlled open and closed loop volts–hertz (V–Hz) and vector controlled closed loop ASDs are modelled in PSCAD/EMTDC environment, and their performance in the presence of voltage disturbances is investigated under typical operating and loading conditions.  相似文献   
10.
In this article, the all-pole low-pass filter function with mini-max for the summed sensitivity function in the pass-band is considered. With the application of Chebyshev polynomials of the first kind, the proposed filter function is obtained in an explicit form with a maximum number of oscillations of the summed sensitivity function in the pass-band. The calculation of the filter function is derived by using the summed sensitivity function as a starting point. New original approximation function is derived in order to achieve a mini-max summed sensitivity function in the filter pass-band. Sensitivity analysis is carried out and a comparison of the summed sensitivity and the group delay of the proposed and classical all-pole filters is given. Minimisation of the summed sensitivity function is important for reduction of the deviation of the magnitude response caused by temperature changes of the continuous-time active filters implemented into the analogue front end or as programmable chips.  相似文献   
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