Analysis of cotton fiber maturity. III. A study of breaking load distribution of single fibers

Breaking load frequency distributions have been obtained at different test gauge lengths for several raw cottons differing in fiber cell wall maturity. The curve-fitting procedure for the analysis of the shape of observed breaking load histograms is described. The procedure yields several important parameters characterizing the raw cotton, such as the mean, mode, skewness, standard deviation, and the C. V. of breaking load. It is found that for all raw cottons, the observed breaking load distributions have a positive skew and are of β type. The effect of fiber maturity and the test gauge length on the shape of observed distributions has been analyzed. The effect of weak links on the variability of breaking load in raw cotton is discussed.     

Numerical and Experimental Studies of Parasitic Heat Losses in Coldfinger of a Pulse Tube Cryocooler in Off-State Condition

A pulse tube cryocooler (PTC) for future metrological satellites has been developed at one of the lead centers of the Indian Space Research Organisation in Bangalore, India for cooling on-board Infrared (IR) detectors to 80 K.A study has been conducted on the coldfinger of PTC to understand the off-state heat loads on the cooler by varying the value of gravity numerically in ANSYS FLUENT and experimentally by orienting the setup with respect to gravity. The off-state parasitic losses represent a major heat load in on-board applications that include redundant, viz. nonoperating coolers. To find out the amount of off-state parasitic heat losses in a nonoperating coldfinger of the PTC experimentally, transient warm-up technique was used. Various heat loads were applied experimentally on the cryo-tip at temperatures ranging from 80 to 100 K for determining the parasitic losses. The effect of orientation of PTC on the off-state parasitic heat load with respect to gravity is studied and presented in this paper. Enhancement due to free convection heat flow normalized by gas molecular conduction in pulse tube is analyzed using computational fluid dynamics to verify and compare with experimental results. The best orientation angle where the parasitic is low is when the cold end of the coldfinger of pulse tube cryocooler faces down (0^°) and high when the cold end of the coldfinger is oriented to 135^°.     

Modelling of probability of failure of concrete columns

This paper predicts the probability of failure or short and long columns of square reinforced concrete for deterministic and probabilistic loads. The effect of various parameters; width, length of column, effective length coefficient, percentage of steel, axial load, grade of concrete and random numbers; on the probability of failure of the column is studied. The material, geometric parameters and the load are treated as probabilistic. The results for short columns show that the rate of decrease of probability of failure is a maximum with increase in width, while it increased to a maximum with increase in loads, whereas for long columns the length of column had the predominant effect.     

CFD analysis of high frequency miniature pulse tube refrigerators for space applications with thermal non-equilibrium model

High frequency, miniature, pulse tube cryocoolers are extensively used in space applications because of their simplicity. Parametric studies of inertance type pulse tube cooler are performed with different length-to-diameter ratios of the pulse tube with the help of the FLUENT^® package. The local thermal non-equilibrium of the gas and the matrix is taken into account for the modeling of porous zones, in addition to the wall thickness of the components. Dynamic characteristics and the actual mechanism of energy transfer in pulse are examined with the help of the pulse tube wall time constant. The heat interaction between pulse tube wall and the oscillating gas, leading to surface heat pumping, is quantified. The axial heat conduction is found to reduce the performance of the pulse tube refrigerator. The thermal non-equilibrium predicts a higher cold heat exchanger temperature compared to thermal equilibrium. The pressure drop through the porous medium has a strong non-linear effect due to the dominating influence of Forchheimer term over that of the linear Darcy term at high operating frequencies. The phase angle relationships among the pressure, temperature and the mass flow rate in the porous zones are also important in determining the performance of pulse tube refrigerator.     

Seasonal distribution of quantities of phosphorus in different component organs of mango (Mangifera indica L) CV Langra

Quantities of phosphorus present in different component parts of mango trees were estimated from July 1977 to June 1978 at the Horticultural Farm of the Gujarat Agricultural University, India. Because of high variation in the dry weight of the trees it was not possible to assess annual requirement of P by the trees. Hence a measure of comparability between P present in different months was sought to be established by expressing the quantity of P in a part of the tree as percentage of that in the whole tree.     

The effect of phenol and biphenyl on the properties of poly(ethylene terephthalate) film

Evidence is presented which justifies the use of the dyeing transition temperature (T_D) instead of the glass transition temperature (T_g) as a reference temperature when using the WLF equation to describe the carrier dyeing of polyester film. Changes in the properties of the substrate caused by the effect of “carriers” on the molecular structure of the polymer have also been detected and a connection between the location of T_D and chain folding is suggested from IR measurements.     

On-Chip Characterization of Single-Event Transient Pulsewidths

A new on-chip single-event transient (SET) test structure has been developed to autonomously characterize the widths of random SET pulses. Simulation results show measurement granularity of 900 ps for a 1.5 mum technology and also indicate that the measurement granularity rapidly scales down with technology. Laser tests were used to demonstrate circuit operation on test chips fabricated using a 1.5 mum process. The experimental results indicate pulsewidths varying from about 900 ps to over 3 ns as the laser energy was increased     

Automatic control and management of electrostatic precipitator

The efficient operation of an electrostatic precipitator (ESP) in practice depends upon many variables, such as charging method, particle size, gas flow, temperature, dust resistivity, etc. With air pollution control requirements becoming increasingly stringent, it is essential to closely monitor and accurately control the key parameters of an ESP control system. The efficient functioning of an ESP normally means minimizing power consumption and maximizing dust collection. Several control strategies can be adopted to meet this broad requirement. In this paper, a distributed control technique of an ESP, which uses the actual dust emission and boiler load as feedback inputs has been explained. The electrostatic precipitator management system, which is a system designed by Bharat Heavy Electricals Ltd., Hyderabad, India, to meet the above control strategies using the distributed architecture to achieve efficient ESP operation is also described